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Systemics- Urinary > Random 2 > Flashcards

Random 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Who is predisposed to rhabdomyosarcoma?

A

Young, female, large breed dogs (St. Bernard)

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2
Q

Where do rhabdomyosarcomas occur most commonly?

A

Larynx, heart

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3
Q

Paraneoplastic syndrome associated with rhabdomyosarcoma

A

Hypertrophic osteopathy

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4
Q

What stain do you use to visualize cross-striations in cytoplasm of strap cells?

A

PTAH

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5
Q

Who gets urothelial cell carcinoma?

A

Scottish terrier
West Highland terrier
Shetland sheepdog

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6
Q

IHC for urothelial cell carcinoma

A

Uroplakin III

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7
Q

Toxic principle of heavy metal (gold) toxicity

A

Affinity for mitochondria of PCT- direct toxicity
IC deposition

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8
Q

Toxic principle of lead toxicity

A

Inhibits gamma-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and ferrochelatase (enzymes in the biosynthesis of heme)
Also impairs osteoclast function, causing “lead lines”

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9
Q

Key histo findings with lead toxicity?

A

Cortical laminar necrosis, PAS positive INIBs in renal PCT cells with karymegaly

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10
Q

Key lesions in hypervitaminosis D

A

Metastatic mineralization of kidneys, gastric mucosa, lungs, endocardium, arterial walls
Abundant basophilic matrix in bones (produced by osteoblasts)

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11
Q

What mice are sensitive to chloroform toxicity?

A

Only males; DBA and C3H

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12
Q

What’s the toxic principle for chloroform toxicity?

A

Metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes to phosgene (COCl2), which depletes glutathione and results in peroxidative damage to membranes

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13
Q

What is the metabolic pathway of ethylene glycol?

A

Ethylene glycol–>glycoaldehyde–>glycolic acid–>glyoxylic acid (glyoxalate)–>oxalic acid and glycine

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14
Q

Which toxic principle in ethylene glycol toxicity causes CNS signs?

A

Ethylene glycol

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15
Q

Which toxic principle(s) in ethylene glycol toxicity is nephrotoxic? Mechanism?

A

Glycoaldehyde and glyoxylic acid; ATP depletion and damage to membranes and enzymes

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16
Q

Which toxic principle of ethylene glycol toxicity causes metabolic acidosis?

A

Glycolic acid

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17
Q

Which toxic principle of ethylene glycol toxicity complexes with Ca into crystals?

A

Oxalic acid

18
Q

Key histo with ethylene glycol toxicity?

A

Sheaves of wheat CaOx crystals
Renal edema
Perivascular edema in cerebrum

19
Q

Plants that cause CaOx crystals (6)

A

Halogeton glomeratus- halogeton
Sarcobatus vermiculatus- greasewood
Rheum rhaponticum (rhubarb)
Oxalis cernua (soursob)
Rumex sp. (dock)
Cenchrus, panicum, setaria (grasses)

20
Q

Aminoglycosides in order of toxicity

A

Neomycin, kanamycin, gentamycin, streptomycin, tobramycin, amikacin

21
Q

Toxic principle of aminoglycoside toxicity?

A

Inhibits lysosomal phospholipases, causing accumulation of phospholipids (form myeloid bodies) and cell damage
Inhibits Na/K ATPase

22
Q

Toxic principle of tetracycline toxicity

A

Impairs mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation

23
Q

Toxic principles in bracken fern

A

Ptaquiloside, quercetin (carcinogens)
Thiaminase (PEM)
Hemolysin

24
Q

Syndromes seen with bracken fern toxicity

A

Aplastic anemia
PEM (horses>sheep)
Retinal degeneration (sheep)
Cystitis and bladder tumors (hematuria)

25
Q

What virus is associated with bladder neoplasia in cattle following chronic bracken fern toxicity

A

BPV-2 in bladder
Also BPV-1 everywhere and BPV-4 in GI

26
Q

Toxic principle of red maple toxicosis

A

Ingest gallotannins and GALLIC ACID–> metabolized by GI bacteria into pyrogallol–> creates oxidizing agents–> methemoglobinemia and Heinz bodies–> hypoxemia–> ischemic necrosis of renal tubular epithelium and hemoglobinuric nephrosis

27
Q

What normally prevents oxidative damage to RBCs?

A

Glutathione
Methemoglobin reductase

28
Q

Red maple latin name

A

Acer rubrum

29
Q

Pigweed latin name?

A

Amaranthus retroflexus

30
Q

Toxic principle of Amaranthus

A

Maybe phenolic compounds

31
Q

Key histo with amaranthus toxicity?

A

Acute tubular necrosis, perirenal edema

32
Q

Key histo with red maple toxicity?

A

Hemaglobinuric nephrosis
ATI

33
Q

Clin path finding with Amaranthus toxicity

A

Hyperkalemia (causes heart failure)

34
Q

Clin path findings with hemoglobinuric nephrosis

A

Heinz body anemia
Hyperbilirubinemia (icterus)
Hemoglobinemia
Increased CK
Elevated liver enzymes

35
Q

Differentials for perirenal edema in pigs

A

Amaranthus retroflexus
Oak toxicity
Ochratoxin A

36
Q

Oak bud latin name

A

Quercus spp.

37
Q

Toxic principle of oak bud toxicity

A

Ingest gallotannins–> hydrolyzed into tannic acid, gallic acid, and pyrogallol –> endothelial damage –> edema, ascites

Gallotannins also precipitate proteins in GI –> GI ulceration

38
Q

Primary targets of Oak bud

A

Kidney and GI

39
Q

Toxic principle blue-green algae (4)

A

Neurotoxin- anatoxin a
Na channel blocker- saxitoxin
Hepatotoxin- microcystin LR
Cylindrospermopsin

40
Q

Toxic principle of hairy vetch?

A

Prussic acid in the seeds inhibits cytochrome C and binds metalloenzymes factor (inhibits oxidative phosphorylation)

41
Q

Key histo with hairy vetch

A

Granulomatous and eosinophilic inflammation (horses don’t have a lot of eos and no cardiac involvement)

42
Q

Toxic principle of ricin (castor bean seeds)

A

Inhibits protein synthesis

Systemics- Urinary (4 decks)

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