Random 2 Flashcards
Who is predisposed to rhabdomyosarcoma?
Young, female, large breed dogs (St. Bernard)
Where do rhabdomyosarcomas occur most commonly?
Larynx, heart
Paraneoplastic syndrome associated with rhabdomyosarcoma
Hypertrophic osteopathy
What stain do you use to visualize cross-striations in cytoplasm of strap cells?
PTAH
Who gets urothelial cell carcinoma?
Scottish terrier
West Highland terrier
Shetland sheepdog
IHC for urothelial cell carcinoma
Uroplakin III
Toxic principle of heavy metal (gold) toxicity
Affinity for mitochondria of PCT- direct toxicity
IC deposition
Toxic principle of lead toxicity
Inhibits gamma-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and ferrochelatase (enzymes in the biosynthesis of heme)
Also impairs osteoclast function, causing “lead lines”
Key histo findings with lead toxicity?
Cortical laminar necrosis, PAS positive INIBs in renal PCT cells with karymegaly
Key lesions in hypervitaminosis D
Metastatic mineralization of kidneys, gastric mucosa, lungs, endocardium, arterial walls
Abundant basophilic matrix in bones (produced by osteoblasts)
What mice are sensitive to chloroform toxicity?
Only males; DBA and C3H
What’s the toxic principle for chloroform toxicity?
Metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes to phosgene (COCl2), which depletes glutathione and results in peroxidative damage to membranes
What is the metabolic pathway of ethylene glycol?
Ethylene glycol–>glycoaldehyde–>glycolic acid–>glyoxylic acid (glyoxalate)–>oxalic acid and glycine
Which toxic principle in ethylene glycol toxicity causes CNS signs?
Ethylene glycol
Which toxic principle(s) in ethylene glycol toxicity is nephrotoxic? Mechanism?
Glycoaldehyde and glyoxylic acid; ATP depletion and damage to membranes and enzymes
Which toxic principle of ethylene glycol toxicity causes metabolic acidosis?
Glycolic acid
Which toxic principle of ethylene glycol toxicity complexes with Ca into crystals?
Oxalic acid
Key histo with ethylene glycol toxicity?
Sheaves of wheat CaOx crystals
Renal edema
Perivascular edema in cerebrum
Plants that cause CaOx crystals (6)
Halogeton glomeratus- halogeton
Sarcobatus vermiculatus- greasewood
Rheum rhaponticum (rhubarb)
Oxalis cernua (soursob)
Rumex sp. (dock)
Cenchrus, panicum, setaria (grasses)
Aminoglycosides in order of toxicity
Neomycin, kanamycin, gentamycin, streptomycin, tobramycin, amikacin
Toxic principle of aminoglycoside toxicity?
Inhibits lysosomal phospholipases, causing accumulation of phospholipids (form myeloid bodies) and cell damage
Inhibits Na/K ATPase
Toxic principle of tetracycline toxicity
Impairs mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation
Toxic principles in bracken fern
Ptaquiloside, quercetin (carcinogens)
Thiaminase (PEM)
Hemolysin
Syndromes seen with bracken fern toxicity
Aplastic anemia
PEM (horses>sheep)
Retinal degeneration (sheep)
Cystitis and bladder tumors (hematuria)
What virus is associated with bladder neoplasia in cattle following chronic bracken fern toxicity
BPV-2 in bladder
Also BPV-1 everywhere and BPV-4 in GI
Toxic principle of red maple toxicosis
Ingest gallotannins and GALLIC ACID–> metabolized by GI bacteria into pyrogallol–> creates oxidizing agents–> methemoglobinemia and Heinz bodies–> hypoxemia–> ischemic necrosis of renal tubular epithelium and hemoglobinuric nephrosis
What normally prevents oxidative damage to RBCs?
Glutathione
Methemoglobin reductase
Red maple latin name
Acer rubrum
Pigweed latin name?
Amaranthus retroflexus
Toxic principle of Amaranthus
Maybe phenolic compounds
Key histo with amaranthus toxicity?
Acute tubular necrosis, perirenal edema
Key histo with red maple toxicity?
Hemaglobinuric nephrosis
ATI
Clin path finding with Amaranthus toxicity
Hyperkalemia (causes heart failure)
Clin path findings with hemoglobinuric nephrosis
Heinz body anemia
Hyperbilirubinemia (icterus)
Hemoglobinemia
Increased CK
Elevated liver enzymes
Differentials for perirenal edema in pigs
Amaranthus retroflexus
Oak toxicity
Ochratoxin A
Oak bud latin name
Quercus spp.
Toxic principle of oak bud toxicity
Ingest gallotannins–> hydrolyzed into tannic acid, gallic acid, and pyrogallol –> endothelial damage –> edema, ascites
Gallotannins also precipitate proteins in GI –> GI ulceration
Primary targets of Oak bud
Kidney and GI
Toxic principle blue-green algae (4)
Neurotoxin- anatoxin a
Na channel blocker- saxitoxin
Hepatotoxin- microcystin LR
Cylindrospermopsin
Toxic principle of hairy vetch?
Prussic acid in the seeds inhibits cytochrome C and binds metalloenzymes factor (inhibits oxidative phosphorylation)
Key histo with hairy vetch
Granulomatous and eosinophilic inflammation (horses don’t have a lot of eos and no cardiac involvement)
Toxic principle of ricin (castor bean seeds)
Inhibits protein synthesis
