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Question 1

What is growth?

Answer 1

Increase in a measured quantity variable across different parts of the body, measured in height, weight, mass, and head circumference.

Question 2

What is development?

Answer 2

Complex changes that follow an orderly sequence, involving the learning of skills, capabilities, and abilities.

Question 3

What is a schema?

Answer 3

A child’s thoughts and conclusions.

Question 4

What is intellectual development?

Answer 4

Development of memory, creativity, problem solving, language, and moral development.

Question 5

What are the three principles of development?

Answer 5

1. Pattern: Development follows a predictable sequence.
2. Holistic: Development is interconnected across areas.
3. Variability: Rates of development vary among individuals.

Question 6

What are the life stages?

Answer 6

Infancy: 0-2, Early childhood: 3-8, Adolescence: 9-18, Early adulthood: 19-45, Middle adulthood: 46-65, Later adulthood: 65+.

Question 7

What are the four developmental milestones in infancy?

Answer 7

1. Physical development: By 6 months, infants can sit without support; by 12 months, they can stand independently and may begin to walk.
2. Cognitive development: By 9 months, infants develop object permanence.
3. Language development: By 12 months, infants may say their first word.
4. Social and emotional development: By 6-8 months, infants may start showing stranger anxiety.

Question 8

What are gross and fine motor skills?

Answer 8

Gross motor skills utilize larger muscle movements (e.g., walking, riding a bike). Fine motor skills use smaller muscle movements (e.g., grasping, writing).

Question 9

What is the difference between primary and secondary sexual characteristics?

Answer 9

Primary characteristics are present at birth (e.g., male: penis, testes; female: vagina, ovaries). Secondary characteristics develop at puberty (e.g., male: facial hair, deepened voice; female: breasts develop, hips widen).

Question 10

How do hormones affect sexual maturity?

Answer 10

Males: Testosterone is produced, leading to sperm production. Females: Oestrogen causes eggs to mature in ovaries.

Question 11

What is perimenopause?

Answer 11

Transitional phase before menopause lasting 4-10 years, beginning near the end of early adulthood, with reduced oestrogen production.

Symptoms include mood swings, heavy or irregular periods, hot flashes, night sweats, low libido, fatigue, vaginal dryness, urgency to urinate, and weight gain.

Question 12

What is menopause?

Answer 12

Occurs ages 46-65, lasting 7-14 years, continuing the reduction of oestrogen and cessation of fertilizable egg production.

Question 13

What are the effects of aging?

Answer 13

Hair turns grey, metabolic rate slows, bone density decreases, muscle weakening, and hair thinning.

Question 14

What are the four stages of cognitive development?

Answer 14

1. Sensorimotor stage (0-2): Learning through senses and motor abilities.
2. Preoperational stage (2-7): Symbolic function, egocentrism, and pretend play.
3. Concrete operational stage (7-11): Logical thinking with concrete events.
4. Formal operational stage (11+): Abstract and theoretical thinking.

Question 15

What is PIES?

Answer 15

P = Physical
I = Intellectual
E = Emotional
S = Social development