Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y3 Medicine > Random 16 > Flashcards

Random 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three principles of normal haemostasis?

A
  1. Prevent excess bleeding (enable blood to clot if local tissue injury)
  2. Prevent unnecessary extension of coagulation via control mechanisms
  3. Break down the clot (fibrinolysis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How can you remember APTT and PT?

A

A partial tea time (you have tea inside) Intrinsic

Pirate time (venturing outside) Extrinsic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How can you remember the coagulation factors in the intrinsic pathway?

A

Alice in wonderland
Clock, tea party,
12, 11, 9, 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How can you remember the coagulation factors in the extrinsic pathway?

A

Pirates “lucky pirate”
7, 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What coagulation factors are NOT made by the liver?

A

VWF & FVIII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When taking a drug history, what do you need to make sure you find out?

A
  • Are they still taking their drug
  • Drug name
  • Dose
  • Frequency
  • How long been on the drug for
  • Allergies!!
  • Know what the drug is for
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What should you take into consider with dose and dose units?

A
  • Avoid abbreviations
  • Avoid leading zeros/unnecessary decimal points
  • Don’t guess
  • Check your references
  • Get your calculations checked
  • Ask questions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Give examples of drugs that are closely monitored.

A
  • Warfarin
  • Lithium
  • Methotrexate
  • Digoxin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What signs should make you think about sepsis?

A
  • Drowsy/confused
  • Source of infection, UTI, pneumonia
  • Low blood pressure

Sepsis is defined as a Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) coupled with a presumed or confirmed infection.

SIRS is identified by at least two of the following symptoms: temperature > 38°C or < 36°C, heart rate > 90, respiratory rate > 20, or WBC > 12,000/mm³ or < 4,000/mm³.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why do you get hypercholesterolemia with nephrotic syndrome?

A

In nephrotic syndrome, there is an increased loss of proteins, including albumin, through the urine. This leads to a decrease in the oncotic pressure in the blood vessels. The liver responds to this by producing more proteins, including lipoproteins, as an attempt to compensate for the protein loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why is there an increased risk of clot formation in nephrotic syndrome?

A
  • Loss of fibrinolytic proteins
  • Loss of oncotic pressure, increased in peripheral oedema and fluid status
  • Decreased in antithrombin III complex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the only type of nephrotic syndrome that causes an AKI?

A

Minimal change disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the gold standard for glomerulonephritis?

A

Biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the characteristics of Henoch-Schloein purpura

A
  • Rash
  • GN
  • Arthralgia
  • Abdo pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a specific pathological sign seen in the kidneys in diabetes?

A

Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules are specific pathological changes seen in the kidneys of individuals with diabetic nephropathy. These nodules result from the accumulation of proteins, including collagen, in the glomeruli. They are a characteristic finding in diabetic nephropathy and are associated with progressive kidney damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis?

A

Only signsRapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is a severe spectrum of conditions characterised by quick and progressive renal function loss due to glomerular injury

Only sign may be hematuria, weeks-months of rapid kidney decline (slower than AKI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is porphyria?

A

Porphyria is a group of disorders resulting from defects in haem synthesis due to enzyme function or structural alterations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How many marks do you get in the prescribing station for stating allergies ? :)

A

3!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some typical investigations for atrial fibrillation?

A
  • FBC
  • CRP
  • U&E
  • LFTs
  • Clotting factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In exams, what must you always do with emergency drugs?

A

Put the dose!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What investigations should you do with PR bleeding?

A
  • Abdo exam
  • PR
  • AXR
  • Bloods
  • Stool sample
  • Flexible sigmoidoscopy
  • CT/MRI
22
Q

What investigations can you do for incontinence?

A
  • Bladder and bowel diary
  • Abdo examination
  • Urine dip and MSU
  • PR
  • Bladder scan post micturition
23
Q

What should you be careful about when prescribing furosemide?

A
  • EGFR
  • CKD
24
Q

What are some causes/risk factors for infective endocarditis?

A
  • Valvular disease: rheumatic heart disease, mitral valve prolapse, aortic valve disease and any other valvular pathology.
  • Congenital heart disease: bicuspid aortic valve, pulmonary stenosis, and ventricular septal defects.
  • Prosthetic valves
  • Previous history of infective endocarditis
  • Intravascular devices: central catheters and shunts.
  • Haemodialysis
  • HIV infection
25
Q

With infective endocarditis what must you do with the blood samples for the culture?

A

Take at least 3 from different sites.

26
Q

What is an intervention for bilateral hydronephrosis?

A

Catheter- obstruction lower down.

27
Q

What antibiotics are used to treat latent TB?

A
  • Rifampicin
  • Isoniazid
28
Q

What is characteristic of typhoid infection?

A
  • Diarrhoea
  • Hepatosplenomegaly
  • Recent travel (south america)
29
Q

What are some causes of hypercalcemia?

A
  • Primary or tertiary hyperparathyroidism
  • Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia
  • Vitamin D intoxication
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Hyperthyroidism, Addison’s
  • Lithium and thiazide
  • Immobilization
30
Q

What are some renal features of hypercalcemia?

A

Polyurea and polydipisa

31
Q

What are some GI features of hypercalcemia?

A

Anorexia, vomiting and constipation

32
Q

What are some CNS features of hypercalcemia?

A

Confusion, lethargy and depression

33
Q

What is familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia?

A

Autosomal dominant condition where you have elevated levels of calcium in the blood but don’t excrete as much as would be expected.

34
Q

What causes a high level of calcium in patients with familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia?

A

In familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH), individuals have elevated levels of calcium in their blood. This occurs due to a genetic mutation affecting the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) gene.

Causes the calcium-sensing receptor to be less responsive to elevated blood calcium levels. Increase in PTH

35
Q

What is a diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

CA >2.60
U&E normal
Not on lithium
PTH >3.0
Urine calcium >2.5

36
Q

What are complications of hypercalcemia?

A

CKD, acute pancreatitis and osteoporosis.

37
Q

What would a high calcium and low PTH make you think about?

A
  • Cancer
  • Sarcoidosis
38
Q

What is the treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • Minimally invasive surgical removal of adenoma or partial parathyroidectomy.
  • Medical management does not reduce the calcium in the urine.
39
Q

What is management for emergency hypercalcaemia?

A
  • Vigorous hydration 200-500ml/hr (3-6L/24hr)
  • Once volume replete consider disodium pamidronate 60-90mg or zolendronic acid 5mg iv
40
Q

What are the symptoms of hypocalcemia?

A

Tingling, seizure, cramps, stridor, carpopedal spasm, neuro-psychiatric

41
Q

What are the signs of hypocalcemia?

A

Chvostek’s
- To elicit Chvostek’s sign, the healthcare provider taps or strokes the patient’s facial nerve, which is located just in front of the ear and below the zygomatic bone. A positive sign is indicated by the twitching of the patient’s facial muscles, particularly the muscles around the mouth and nose.

Trousseau’s
- To elicit Trousseau’s sign, a blood pressure cuff is inflated around the patient’s arm above the systolic blood pressure for a few minutes. In a patient with hypocalcemia, this can lead to carpal spasm or twitching of the muscles in the hand and forearm.

42
Q

What is an acronym to remember the x ray findings of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

SPADE
Soft tissue swelling
Peri-articular osteoporosis
Absent osteophytes
Deformity
Erosions (late feature)
Subluxation

43
Q

What are some causes of hypocalcemia?

A

Hypoparathyroidism
- Iatrogenic, radiation, infiltration
- Autoimmune
- Overactivity of calcium sensing receptor
- Mg deficiency, PPI

Vitamin D deficiency
Drugs: Cisplatin, calcitonin, phosphate
Osteoblastic mets (prostate), hungry bone disease

44
Q

How can you investigate hypocalcemia?

A
  • Serum Ca
  • PTH
  • Vitamin D and Mg
45
Q

How can you manage hypocalcemia?

A
  • Calcium supplements
  • Aim to keep the calcium level just below the normal range
  • Will likely need calcitriol,
46
Q

What is defined as mild hyponatremia?

A

127-132mmol/L

47
Q

What is defined as moderate hyponatremia?

A

121-126 mmol/L

48
Q

What is defined as severe hyponatremia?

A

Less than 120mmol/L

49
Q

What are symptoms of hyponatremia?

A
  • Confusion/short temper
  • Fatigue
  • Convulsions
  • Feeling weak
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Low blood pressure
  • Feeling nauseous
50
Q

What are some causes of hypervolemic hyponatremia?

A
  • CKD
  • CHF
  • Liver cirrhosis
  • Nephrotic syndrome

Y3 Medicine (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions