Raine Study

Question 1

How many participants were there?

Answer 1

41

Question 2

How many women were there?

Answer 2

2

Question 3

How many men were there?

Answer 3

39

Question 4

What was the mean age of the experimental group?

Answer 4

34.3

Question 5

Where did the study take place?

Answer 5

University of California

Question 6

How many participants had schizophrenia?

Answer 6

6

Question 7

How many participants had a history of head injury or brain damage?

Answer 7

23

Question 8

How many participants had a history of psychoactive drug abuse?

Answer 8

3

Question 9

How many participants had an affective disorder?

Answer 9

2

Question 10

How many participants had epilepsy?

Answer 10

2

Question 11

How many participants had a history of hyperactivity and learning disability?

Answer 11

3

Question 12

How many participants had a personality disorder?

Answer 12

2

Question 13

How many weeks did participants have to be medication free for before the study?

Answer 13

2 weeks

Question 14

What sampling method was used?

Answer 14

Opportunity sampling

Question 15

How was brain activity measured?

Answer 15

Using a PET scan where FDG was injected to highlight active areas of the brain?

Question 16

What was the purpose of the study?

Answer 16

To find if the brain activity of murderers was different to normal people

Question 17

What did the participants have to do in the PET scan?

Answer 17

A continious performance task

Question 18

What was the purpose of the CPT?

Answer 18

To acivate target areas of the brain

Question 19

What was the name of the radioactive tracer used?

Answer 19

Flurodeoxyglucose (FDG)

Question 20

How long after starting the CPT were participants injected with FDG?

Answer 20

30 seconds

Question 21

How long after being injected were participants put in the PET scan?

Answer 21

32 minutes

Question 22

What technique for the PET scans were used

Answer 22

Cortical peel and box techniques

10 horizontal slides

Question 23

What points can be made about the findings of the study?

Answer 23

Brain differences
Performance in the CBT
Other differences not controlled for

Question 24

What brain differences were found?

Answer 24

Lowerd in left hemisphere (prefrontal cortex, angular gyrus and corpus callosum)
Raised in right hemisphere (cerebellum, amygdala, thalamus and hippocampus
Some parts had normal function

Question 25

What areas of the brain had lowered function?

Answer 25

Prefrontal cortex Angular gyrus Corpus Callosum

Question 26

What areas of the brain had raised function?

Answer 26

Cerebellum Amygdala Thalamus Hippocampus

Question 27

What can be said about the performance of the participants in the CBT?

Answer 27

Both groups performed silimarily so differences in brain activity did not effect their performance

Question 28

What differences were not controlled for?

Answer 28

6 were left handed and had less amygdala asymetry and more prefrontal activity 14 were non-white 23 had a history of head injury

Question 29

What can we conclude from the study?

Answer 29

Murderers pleading NGRI have different functioning brains Not cause and effect May predispose us to violence Don't show murderers have no responsability

Question 30

What might dysfunction in the limbic system explain?

Answer 30

Abnormal emotional responses

Question 31

What might dysfunction in the perfrontal cortex explain?

Answer 31

An inability to modify behaviour

Question 32

What might dysfunction in the amygdala explain?

Answer 32

Fearlessness associated with violent activity

Question 33

What points can be made when evaluating the methodology and procedures?

Answer 33

Quasi-experiment Research technique The sample Yang and Raine Tiihonen James Fallon

Question 34

How is the research a quasi experiment?

Answer 34

The independant variable was not manipulated so no cause and effect conclusion can be drawn. (The independant variable was if they were killers)

Question 35

How can the research technique be used to evaluate the methodology and procedures?

Answer 35

PET scans were used which are scientific and objective, allowing Raine to monitor activity in areas that previously wouldn't have been accessed

Question 36

How can the sample be used to evaluate the methodology and procedures?

Answer 36

Specific group of criminals so can't be applied to all criminals

Question 37

What supporting evidence did Yang and Raine give for the study?

Answer 37

Meta-analysis of 43 imaging studies | Violent offenders have reduced prefrontal activity

Question 38

What supporting evidence did Tiihonen give for the study?

Answer 38

Studied 895 Finnish prisoners and found the MAOA gene which increaces dopamine levels. People with this gene have an increaced chance of criminal behaviour

Question 39

What contrasting evidence did James Fallon give for the study?

Answer 39

He studied his own genome and found he had the MAOA gene yet was not a criminal. He thought it predisposed people to violence but his own tendancies were not triggered due to positive childhood experiances.

Question 40

What were the ethical issues and social implications of the study?

Answer 40

Valid consent | Socially sensative

Question 41

Why was valid consent an issue?

Answer 41

Participants pleading NGRI so may not have been competant enough to give valid consent. May not have understood their right to withdraw CPT may have lowered their self-esteem

Question 42

Why was the research socially sensative?

Answer 42

People with similar brain function may be imprisioned without trial or treated differently

Question 43

How many of the participants were left handed?

Answer 43

6

Question 44

How many of the participants were non-white?

Answer 44

14