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A Level Psychology: C1 (Eduqas) > Raine Study > Flashcards

Raine Study Flashcards

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1
Q

How many participants were there?

A

41

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2
Q

How many women were there?

A

2

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3
Q

How many men were there?

A

39

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4
Q

What was the mean age of the experimental group?

A

34.3

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5
Q

Where did the study take place?

A

University of California

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6
Q

How many participants had schizophrenia?

A

6

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7
Q

How many participants had a history of head injury or brain damage?

A

23

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8
Q

How many participants had a history of psychoactive drug abuse?

A

3

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9
Q

How many participants had an affective disorder?

A

2

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10
Q

How many participants had epilepsy?

A

2

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11
Q

How many participants had a history of hyperactivity and learning disability?

A

3

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12
Q

How many participants had a personality disorder?

A

2

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13
Q

How many weeks did participants have to be medication free for before the study?

A

2 weeks

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14
Q

What sampling method was used?

A

Opportunity sampling

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15
Q

How was brain activity measured?

A

Using a PET scan where FDG was injected to highlight active areas of the brain?

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16
Q

What was the purpose of the study?

A

To find if the brain activity of murderers was different to normal people

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17
Q

What did the participants have to do in the PET scan?

A

A continious performance task

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18
Q

What was the purpose of the CPT?

A

To acivate target areas of the brain

19
Q

What was the name of the radioactive tracer used?

A

Flurodeoxyglucose (FDG)

20
Q

How long after starting the CPT were participants injected with FDG?

A

30 seconds

21
Q

How long after being injected were participants put in the PET scan?

A

32 minutes

22
Q

What technique for the PET scans were used

A

Cortical peel and box techniques

10 horizontal slides

23
Q

What points can be made about the findings of the study?

A

Brain differences
Performance in the CBT
Other differences not controlled for

24
Q

What brain differences were found?

A

Lowerd in left hemisphere (prefrontal cortex, angular gyrus and corpus callosum)
Raised in right hemisphere (cerebellum, amygdala, thalamus and hippocampus
Some parts had normal function

25
Q

What areas of the brain had lowered function?

A

Prefrontal cortex
Angular gyrus
Corpus Callosum

26
Q

What areas of the brain had raised function?

A

Cerebellum
Amygdala
Thalamus
Hippocampus

27
Q

What can be said about the performance of the participants in the CBT?

A

Both groups performed silimarily so differences in brain activity did not effect their performance

28
Q

What differences were not controlled for?

A

6 were left handed and had less amygdala asymetry and more prefrontal activity
14 were non-white
23 had a history of head injury

29
Q

What can we conclude from the study?

A

Murderers pleading NGRI have different functioning brains
Not cause and effect
May predispose us to violence
Don’t show murderers have no responsability

30
Q

What might dysfunction in the limbic system explain?

A

Abnormal emotional responses

31
Q

What might dysfunction in the perfrontal cortex explain?

A

An inability to modify behaviour

32
Q

What might dysfunction in the amygdala explain?

A

Fearlessness associated with violent activity

33
Q

What points can be made when evaluating the methodology and procedures?

A

Quasi-experiment
Research technique
The sample

Yang and Raine
Tiihonen
James Fallon

34
Q

How is the research a quasi experiment?

A

The independant variable was not manipulated so no cause and effect conclusion can be drawn.
(The independant variable was if they were killers)

35
Q

How can the research technique be used to evaluate the methodology and procedures?

A

PET scans were used which are scientific and objective, allowing Raine to monitor activity in areas that previously wouldn’t have been accessed

36
Q

How can the sample be used to evaluate the methodology and procedures?

A

Specific group of criminals so can’t be applied to all criminals

37
Q

What supporting evidence did Yang and Raine give for the study?

A

Meta-analysis of 43 imaging studies

Violent offenders have reduced prefrontal activity

38
Q

What supporting evidence did Tiihonen give for the study?

A

Studied 895 Finnish prisoners and found the MAOA gene which increaces dopamine levels. People with this gene have an increaced chance of criminal behaviour

39
Q

What contrasting evidence did James Fallon give for the study?

A

He studied his own genome and found he had the MAOA gene yet was not a criminal. He thought it predisposed people to violence but his own tendancies were not triggered due to positive childhood experiances.

40
Q

What were the ethical issues and social implications of the study?

A

Valid consent

Socially sensative

41
Q

Why was valid consent an issue?

A

Participants pleading NGRI so may not have been competant enough to give valid consent.
May not have understood their right to withdraw
CPT may have lowered their self-esteem

42
Q

Why was the research socially sensative?

A

People with similar brain function may be imprisioned without trial or treated differently

43
Q

How many of the participants were left handed?

A

6

44
Q

How many of the participants were non-white?

A

14

A Level Psychology: C1 (Eduqas) (13 decks)

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