RAG questions Flashcards
What are the limitations of personality testing
performers may change their behaviour if they know they are being tested
May be inhibited wearing testing equipment
performers may not give reliable answers to questionnaires. Behaviour analysis may differ between observer.
little evidence to suggest a certain personality type fits a certain sport
What is the equation for personality in the interactionist theory
B = F (P x E)
What are the 6 emotions in POMS
Tension, depression, vigour, fatigue and confusion
An iceberg profile shows high levels of what emotion
vigour
What are the causes of anxiety
- Task importance
- Losing, or fear of failing
- Perceived inaccuracy of an official’s decisions
- Being fouled
- Injury, or fear of being injury
- Lack of self-confidence of efficacy
- Audience effect such as an abusive crowd
- Evaluation apprehension
What are the cognitive stress management techniques
Imagery
Positive self talk
Thought stopping
Attentional control
what is attention control
Changing the focus of attention to detect only relevant cues
Broad / external – used during games to detect fast changing situations and identify the best option;
External / narrow – used to concentrate on specific objects or tasks, possibly with limited number of cues;
Narrow / internal – used to mentally rehearse a skill or task;
Internal / broad – used to analyse performance and plan future strategies and tactics.
What is imagery
Formation of mental pictures of good performance / imagine in a calm place;
Internal – creating the feeling of the movement / sensations;
External – seeing themselves completing the movement.
What is self talk
Use when negative thoughts occur;
Replace with positive statements about performance;
Example – nerves are good before the race.
What is thought stopping
Use of cue / action / word;
Re-directs attention to positive thoughts.
What are the somatic strategies to control anxiety
muscular relaxation
biofeedback
Centring
Explain the process of muscular relaxation
Often combined with effective breathing control.
Focus on specific muscle groups / working inwards from the periphery.
Contract muscles – hold – relax.
Explain the process of centring
Deep breathing / diaphragmatic breathing.
Breath in through nose – expand abdomen fully – breath out through mouth.
May involve repeating key words / mantra.
Explain the process of Biofeedback
Measuring physiological responses.
eg heart rate / breathing rate / galvanic skin response.
Learn to recognise and control anxiety responses.
What strategies can a coach a adopt to control anxiety
•Set performance not outcome goals •Ensure success by setting easy targets that become progressively harder •Ensure skills are over – learned - become dominant habit •Raise self-efficacy •Give positive reinforcement •Remind the performer or successful past experiences •Correct use of attributions
What is Easterbrook’s cue utilisation theory
- Links ability to sustain focus on the correct cues with the level of arousal experienced
- At low levels of arousal, the performer isn’t stimulated enough and takes in a lot of environmental cues. This makes cue distinction difficult – making the performer confused.
- At high levels of arousal, the performer takes in a small number of cues because of excessive stimulation. This reduces performance because cues are missed.
- At moderate levels of arousal the performer is able to filter the relevant cues
- Supports the inverted U theory – performance is best at moderate levels.
what is a process goal
- Relatively short term goals
- Set to improve technique
- E.g. an ice dancer aims to improve her toe loop technique
How are attitudes formed
Learned from experiences
social learning from significant others
Media
What is prejudice
A formed opinion normally unfavourable based on inadequate facts
What is discrimination
unjust treatment of different categories of people
What is a stereotype
a standardised image or concept shared by all members of a social group
What are the 3 components of attitudes
Cognitive, Affective, Behavioural
in that order
What is instrumental aggression
An individual purposely harms an opponent but the aim is to gain an advantage over the opponent
What is assertive behaviour
An act within the rules that aims to achieve a goal and any injury caused is incidental
What is an aggressive act
an act that intends to cause harm and is outside the rules
Explain the instinct theory of aggression
born/ inherited aggression
Aggressive in all acts
possible that aggression can be channelled through catharsis
Explain the frustration aggression theory
Blocked goal causes frustration
Frustration causes aggression
Release of aggression catharsis
Explain the cue arousal theory
Goal blocked causes an increase in arousal
An increase in frustration causes this increase in arousal
Aggressive act will only occur if a socially acceptable cue is present
Response can be triggered thorough previous negative experiences
Explain the social learning theory
Aggression in learnt by observing and copying others / Vicarious experience
Reinforcement causes behaviour to be repeated
Repeated especially if not punished
Instrumental aggression
Possible to learn that aggression can lead to success
How can aggressive behaviour be reduced
Punish aggressive acts eg. fine player / drop for next match
Develop player’s code of conduct / promote fair play
Focus is on encouraging non-aggressive behaviour
Remove from situation
Encourage group pressure
Give role of responsibility
Set performance goals
Highlight non-aggressive role models
Reduce importance of event / avoid ‘win at all cost’ attitude
Stress management techniques
Rewards / positive reinforcement
What are the 4 factors of Bandura’s self efficacy theory
past performance accomplishments
vicarious experience
verbal persuasion
emotional and physiological arousal
Explain performance accomplishment as part of Bandura’s self efficacy theory
thinking back to past successes in similar situations
Explain Vicarious experience as part of Bandura’s self efficacy theory
using a role model, of similar ability, gender, age to show what can be achieved
Explain verbal persuasion as part of Bandura’s self efficacy theory
Encouragement about the performers ability especially from significant others
Explain emotional arousal as part of Bandura’s self efficacy theory
learning how to control arousal levels using cognitive and somatic strategies.
What is social facilitation
the influence of the presence of others on performance, which has a positive effect.
What is social inhibition
the negative influence on performance caused by the presence of others during performance
What were the 4 types of others that Zajonc suggested were present during performance
Passive others
•The audience – does not speak but watches. Their presence makes you anxious and affects your game.
•Co-actors - perform the same task at the same time but do not compete against you.
Interactive others
•Competitive co-actors – the opposition
•social reinforcers e.g. coach
Performance will be facilitated if the performer is:
- An expert performing in front of an audience
- Performing a gross skill that doesn’t need precision or accuracy
- Performing a simple skill, needing limited decision making or info processing
- An extrovert who seeks social situations and had high levels of natural arousal. The presence of an audience is an opportunity to ‘show off’.
Performance will be inhibited if the performer is:
- A novice who finds an audience intimidating
- Performing a fine skill, difficult to maintain at high arousal
- Performing a complex skill needing several decisions to be made and a lot of info processing
- An introvert who dislikes social situations and has high levels of arousal. Audiences are demanding, detrimental to performance.
Zajonc suggested that at high levels of arousal a performer would revert to what
Their dominant habit
What is evaluation apprehension
a sense of anxiety experienced by a performer caused by the feeling that they are being jugged by those in the audience
When the performer perceives that they are being judged, their performance will be affected.Other factors that affect social facilitation are :
•A knowledgeable audience (scout)
•Presence of significant others (parents/peers) positive and negative effect
•Supportive or abusive audience
•Naturally high trait anxiety, inhibited by an audience
•Low self-efficacy causes inhibition
-proximity of the audience
-size of the audience
Explain Baron’s distraction conflict theory
- Suggests that we pay attention to the task in hand but may also pay attention to ‘distractors’
- These can be external (crowd) or internal (negative thoughts)
- This causes psychological conflict, increasing arousal
- Leads to inhibition or facilitation, depending on the ability of the performer and type of task.
What are the strategies that can combat social inhibition
•Familiarisation training (letting an audience watch you, or play crowd noises)
•Increase self-efficacy
•Practice skills until they are well-known
•Selective attention improvements
- use of stress management techniques
- correct use of attributions
- use of mental rehearsal
•Decrease the importance of the task
•Support the performer with encouragements, positive reinforcement and praise.
What do you understand by the term learned helplessness?
- Performer perceives failure is inevitable
- No control over the situation
- Causes avoidance behaviour
- Caused by attributing failure to ability / internal stable factors
- Global / general learned helplessness – general sporting situations, eg not good at water sports
- Specific / Situational learned helplessness – specific situations, eg not good at diving in the pool
How can coaches help attribution retraining
- Setting realistic process and/or performance goals
- Raise self-efficacy using Bandura’s model
- Highlight previous quality performance
- Give positive reinforcement and encouragement
How can governing bodies reduce aggression in sport
Bans and fines Reduce media sensationalism Promote positive role models Use of experienced officials Codes of conduct Update rules Counselling Fair play awards Sanctions
