RADIOTHERAPHY (RADTHERA) Flashcards
____ was originally used to obtain a radiographic image of internal anatomy for diagnostic purposes
Ionizing radiation
The resultant image depended on many variables, including the ____, _____, _____, and ____ by the various organs of the body.
energy of the beam,the processing techniques, the material on which the image was recorded, most importantly the amount of energy absorbed
The transfer of energy from the beam of radiation to the biologic system and the observation of the effects of this interaction became the foundation of ____
radiation oncology.
Two of the most obvious and sometimes immediate biologic effects observed during the early diagnostic procedures were ___ and ___
Epilation (loss of hair) and erythema (reddening of the skin).
____ and __ resulted primarily from the great amount of energy absorbed by the skin during radiographic procedures.
Epilation and erythema
Ionizing radiation was first applied for the treatment of a more in-depth lesion on (date/year), when Dr.___ is reported to have irradiated a woman with carcinoma of the left breast.
Jan. 29, 1896; Dr. Emile H. Grubbe
This event occurred only ____ after the discovery of x-rays by Dr. W.K. Rontgen. Although Dr. Grubbe neither expected nor observed any dramatic results from their radiation, the event is significant simply because it occurred.
3 months
The first reported curative treatment using ionizing radiation was performed by Dr. ____of New Haven, Connecticut, in (date)
Clarence E. Skinner ; January 1902.
Dr. Skinner treated a woman who had a diagnosed___. Over the next ____ the woman received a total of ____ applications of the x-rays. In (month ad year), 7 years after initial application of the radiation, the woman was free of disease and considered “cured.”
malignant fibrosarcoma; 2 years and 3 months ; 136; April 1909
First use of Ionizing radiation in treament of cancer
1896; Emile Grubbe
Discovery of X-ray (date)(person)
W.K Roentgen; 1895
Discovery of radioavtice emissions by uranium compounds
Antoine Henri Becquerel; 1896
Discovery of uranium
1898; Marie and Perrie Curie
First documented case of cancer “care” using ionizing rad.
Clarence E. Skinner 1902
Postulation of first law of radiosensitivity
Jean Bergonie and Louis Tribondeau 1906
Invention of Cyclotron
Ernest Lawrence 1932
Production of artificial radioactivity
Frédéric Joliot and Irène Joliot-Curie 1934
Treatment of cancer patient with neutron beam from cyclotron
Ernest Lawrence and R.S. Stone 1938
Contruction of betatron
D.W Kerst 1940
installation of first cobalt-60 telepathy units
D.W Kerst 1951
_____ is a disease process that involves an unregulated, uncontrolled replication of cells; put more simply, the cells do not know when to stop dividing. These abnormal cells grow without regard to normal tissue. They invade adjacent tissues, destroy normal tissue, and create mass of tumor cells. Cancerous cells can further spread by invading the lymph or blood vessels that drain the area.
Cancer
The spread of cancer from the original site to different, remote parts of the body is termed ___
metastasis
Once cancer has spread to distant sites via bloodborne metastasis, the patient is considered ___
Incurable
The Overall lifetime risk of developing cancer is __ for men and about ___ for women. Cancer can occur in persons of any age, although the majority of patients are diagnosed after the age of __ years.
44% ; 31% ; 50
The most common cancers that occur in the United States are ____
lung, prostate, breast, and colorectal cancer.
____ is the most common malignancy in men;
Prostate cancer
for women, ___ is the most common.
breast cancer
In both men and women, the second and third most common cancers are __ and ___
lung and colorectal cancer
__ is the second only to heart disease as the leading cause of death in the United States.
Cancer
Cancer commonly is the result of exposure to a ___, which is a substance or material that causes cells to undergo malignant transformation and become cancerous.
carcinogen
___ and ___products are the principal cause of cancers of the lung, esophagus, oral cavity/pharynx, and bladder.
Cigarettes and other tobacco
Cigarette smokers are ___ more likely to develop lung cancer than are nonsmokers.
10 times
Occupational exposure to chemicals such as ____ can also cause lung cancer.
chromium, nickel, or arsenic
Another carcinogen is ____. It was responsible for the development of ____ in radium-dial painters in the 1920s and 1930s, and it caused the development of skin cancers in pioneer radiologists.
ionizing radiation; osteogenic sarcoma
Chromosomal defects have also been identified in other cancers, such as____.
leukemia, Wilms’ tumor, retinoblastoma, and breast cancer
Smallest unit into which chemical element can be broken down without losing its
chemical identity.
* The basic unit of a chemical element
* As a source of nuclear energy.
* An extremely small amount of a thing.
atom
is the number of protons and
neutrons or collectively called Nucleons.
Atomic Weight or Atomic Mass Number
Electrons can exist only in certain shells, which represent different electron binding energies or energy levels.
Electron Shell/Energy Level
For identification purposes, electron orbital shells are given the codes _____and so forth, to represent the relative binding energies of electrons from closest to the nucleus to farthest from the nucleus.
K,L, M, N,
The ____ that can exist in each shell increases with the distance of the shell from the nucleus.
maximum number of electrons
____ is the principal quantum number
Shell number (n)
The number of electrons in the ___ is equal to its
group in the periodic table and determines the valence of an
atom.
outermost shell
The number of the ___ is equal to its
period in the periodic table.
outermost electron shell
Atomic electrons are held in place by the electrostatic pull of the positive charged nucleus
Electron Binding Energy
___ Force that pull the electron out of the atom as it revolved around its axis.
Centrifugal Force
The work that is required to remove an electron from an atom is called the ___
electron binding energy.
The binding energy of the outer shell electron is small, that is,___ (unit).
several electron volts (eV)
The binding energy of inner shell electrons is large, that is, thousands of ___ (units).
electron volts (keV)
Binding energies are___ for each electron shell of each element.
unique
K-shell binding energy ___ with atomic number
increases
Ionization potential is ___ of the Carbon atom, a primary constituent of Tissue
34 eV
Rest mass energy of an electron is ___
511 keV.
Energetic particles can knock out inner shell electrons only ___ than the electron binding energy.
if their kinetic energy is greater
A vacancy in the K shell will be filled by an ___.
electron from a higher shell
___ energy is the characteristic x-ray energy minus the binding
energy of the outer shell electron.
Auger electron energy
A K-shell vacancy results in either a ___ being emitted from the atom.
characteristic x-ray or an Auger electron
Electrons moving from an outer shell to an inner shell may emit excess energy as __
electromagnetic radiation
Atomic Mass Number is expressed in __
Atomic Mass Unit (a.m.u)
- ___ is one of the most influential people of his time, described all matter as being composed
of the “four basic elements” fire, earth, air and water. - Also known as: __
ARISTOTLE; Greek atom
