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Diagnostic Imaging > Radiology of Bone (Q1) > Flashcards

Radiology of Bone (Q1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Physeal Scar?

A

An opaque line that may be seen at the site of the physis, after physeal closure

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2
Q

Where is the nutrient foramen located?

A

Diaphysis

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3
Q

How does the nutrient foramen appear when visualized end-on? Laterally?

What must it not be mistaken for?

A
  • End-on→well defined, circular radiolucency w/ smooth, thin radio-opaque rim
  • Laterally → linear lucent gap w/ a sclerotic border in the bone cortex
  • Don’t mistake for a FX or lytic lesion
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4
Q

Key points for Good Bone Rads!

A
  • @ least 2 views → 90° to each other (orthogonal views)
  • Include joints above & below the injured bone
  • Examine growth plates for injury in skeletally immature animals
    • Repeat rads in 3 wks
  • Compare to the contralateral limb if suspect subtle changes may have occured
  • Stressed projections → if concerned about joint stability
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5
Q

If you suspect a fissure FX, but don’t see it on your rads what 2 options do you have?

A
  • try a slighlty different projection angle
  • Repeat rads in 7-10 d.
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6
Q

What can plain rads NOT assess?

A

Presence of damage to articular cartilage or surrounding ST

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7
Q

What may cause diffuse ST swelling?

A

Cellulitis or Edema

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8
Q

What may Focal ST swelling indicate?

A
  • Abscess
  • Hematoma
  • Tumor or cystic lesion
  • Effusion of synovial structure (joint, tendon sheaths or bursa)
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9
Q

What can cause calcification of ST?

A

Dystrophic or 2° to systemic dz.

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10
Q

Shift or displacement of fascial planes may indicate ________.

A

Joint effusion

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11
Q

What does the lucent line that represents joint space represent radiographically?

A

Mainly articular cartilage

(only a very small amt represents synovial fluid)

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12
Q

What is the disadvantge of taking joint rads on a recumbent animal (as in SAs)

A

Does not allow you to reliably assess joint width

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13
Q

How can bone destruction be visualized on a radiograph?

Caveat?

A
  • As an area of reduced bone density or increased radiolucency
  • Only detectable once ~ 50% of the mineral content has been lost
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14
Q

What is scelrosis?

A

increased bone density due to increased mineral content

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15
Q

What does the callus consist of in healing fractures?

A

Endosteal & periosteal new bone

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16
Q

What are Mach lines?

A

dark lines in areas of 2 bones that overlap & form an optical illusion

(can look like a fracture)

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17
Q

What is meant by a Multiple FX?

A
  • fracture lines don’t connect
  • Same bone or different bones
18
Q

What is meant by a segmental fx?

A

2 or more FX lines in the same bone

19
Q

What if affected in a Torus FX?

A

Concave side of the cortex

20
Q

What is affected in a Greenstick FX?

A

Convex side of the cortex

21
Q

What is affected in a Chip FX?

A

no or only one articular surface involved

22
Q

What is affected in a Slab FX?

A

2 articular sufaces are involved

23
Q

What is an Articular FX?

Who typically gets them?

A
  • a fx w/in the limits of the joint capsule
  • Younger animals
24
Q

How are displaced fragments of bone described?

A

Describe the distal fragment relative to the proximal fragment

25
Q

What is the mnemonic for Assessing Post-Op Rads?

A

ABCDS

  • Alignment
  • Bone
  • Cartilage
  • Device
  • Soft tissue
26
Q

When should you take follow up rads to asses FX healing in young animals? Mature animals?

A
  • Young → @ 2-3 wk intervals
  • Mature → @ 4-6 wk intervals

(depending on the nature of FX & fixation & the clinical condition of the patient)

27
Q

What does the 6 A’s stand for?

A
  • Apposition
  • Alignment
  • Angulation
  • Apparatus
  • Activity of bone healing
  • Architecture of the bone
  • Soft Tissue
28
Q

What is delayed union?

What can cause it?

A
  • longer than expected time for a FX to heal but evidence of bone activity occuring
  • Disuse, instability, poor reduction, poor nutrition, old age, infection, poor vascularity, large intramedullary pin, presence of a sequestrum, neoplasia
29
Q

What classifies non-union?

A
  • ~ 10-12 wk post FX
  • Healing has visibly ceased & FX ends aren’t united
  • FX ends are smooth & medullary cavity appears closed
  • Predisposed to by infection or movement at the FX site
30
Q

List the 3 kinds of Non-viable non-unions.

A
  • Atrophic non-union → no callus, pointed bone ends & bone ends not in contact
  • Dystrophic/necrotic non-union → often have devitalized intermediate fragments
  • Defect non-union
31
Q

List the 2 kinds of Viable Non-Unions.

A
  • Hypertrophic non-union
    • both ends are plump & parallel
    • new bone present around FX end but FX has not been crossed
    • Elephant’s foot appearance
  • Oligotrophic non-union
    • little or absent callus
32
Q

What may non-unions lead to?

A

formation of false joints/pseudoarticulation

(one fragment ends up concave, the other convex)

33
Q

What type of union can lead to DJD in adjacent joints?

A

Mal-union

34
Q

What things can lead to excessive callus formation?

A
  • movement @ the FX site
  • infection
  • periosteal stripping
  • incorporation of bone grafts
35
Q

Who gets “Rhino horn” or “Bucket Handle callus”?

Where?

Significance?

A
  • Young animals
  • caudal cortex of a fractured femur
  • not clinically significant
36
Q

What is a DDX for osteomyelitits?

A

instability @ fracture site causing exuberant callus

37
Q

What is FX disease?

A

a clinical syndrome w/ joint stiffness, mm. atrophy & osteopenia

38
Q

What tends to occur when metallic implants were used or healing was complex?

A

neoplastic transformation

(tumor develops at FX site years later)

39
Q

What can result from rxn to metallic implants?

A

Metallosis

(sterile, chronic, proliferative osteomyelitis)

40
Q

What is the most common joint abnormality seen in SA & equine practice?

A

Osteoarthritis

Diagnostic Imaging (5 decks)

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