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MSK > Radiology MSK > Flashcards

Radiology MSK Flashcards

1
Q

Xray

A

Projection of electrons through an object onto an image detector

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2
Q

White objects

A

Radiodense - absorb radiation

Thick

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3
Q

Advantages of Xray

A

Quick

Inexpensive

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4
Q

Disadvantages

A

Radiation

Not good for viewing soft tissues

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5
Q

Fracture

A

Complete or incomplete break in the continuity of the bone

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6
Q

Type of fractures

A 
Transverse
Oblique- displaced/ non displaced 
Linear 
Spiral 
Greenstick - common in children
Comminuted
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7
Q

Compression fracture

A

Occurs in cancellous bone
Axial load compresses bone beyond its limits
Commonly in lumbar vertebrae

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8
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

Bone bends and cracks instead of breaking into separate pieces

Cortex on 1 SIDE fractures

occurs in children younger than 10 as bones are softer and more flexible

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9
Q

Epiphyseal separation fractures

A

A fracture occurs through the unfused epiphyseal growth plate

Separation of the epiphysis and metaphysis

e.g. slipped capital femoral epiphysis

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10
Q

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis seen commonly in…?

A

Overweight adolescent boys during rapid growth spurts

Hip pain and limp

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11
Q

Difference between children’s bones and adult’s bones

A

At birth:
Long bone shave separate ossification centres in the epiphyses and diaphyses

Epiphyseal growth plates

Carpal bines not ossified

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12
Q

Stages of fracture healing

A
  1. Haematoma formation
  2. Tissue death
  3. Inflammation and cellular proliferation
  4. Angiogenesis and formation of granulation tissue and PROCALLUS
  5. SOFT CALLUS - fibrocartilaginous
  6. Consolidation - HARD CALLUS
  7. Lamellar bone
  8. Remodelling
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13
Q

Inflammatory phases of fracture healing

A

Lasts hours to days

  • Haematoma formation
  • Tissue death
  • Inflammation and cellular proliferation

(No callus formed)

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14
Q

Reparative phase of fracture healing

A

Days to weeks

  • angiogenesis and granular tissue formation (Procallus)
  • Fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus formation
  • consolidation forming a hard callus

(mineralisation of callus can be seen)

  • soft callus - fluffy
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15
Q

Remodelling phase of fracture healing

A

Months to years

Gradual replacement of hard callus with mature bone

Fracture line disappears

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16
Q

CT

A

Computerised axial tomography

  • uses thin Xray beams to produces slices of an object
  • digitally reassembled to produce 2D and 3D images
  • density of tissues measured using Hounsfield units
17
Q

Advantages of CT

A
  • Better visualisation of soft tissues
  • 3D
  • Quick
18
Q

Disadvantages

A
  • Movement sensitive - artefact
  • More radiation
  • may not work on severely obese people
  • allergies to contrast
19
Q

0 HU

A

Black :

  • water
  • fat
  • air
20
Q

MRI - magnetic resonance imaging

A
  1. Uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field
  2. Protons in hydrogen atoms line up
  3. Radiofrequency signal pulses are applied, deflecting the protons
  4. Pulse terminated
  5. Protons realign and emit a signal
  6. The signal is detected and the data is converted into a 3D image
21
Q

Advantages

A
  • Best for viewing soft tissues
  • 3D
  • Multiplanar images
  • No radiation
22
Q

Disadvantages

A
  • Long
  • Expensive
  • Movement sensitive - patient must stay still for a long time
  • Cannot have metal
  • Noisy
  • Claustrophobic
  • Does not accommodate severely obese people or people with pacemakers
  • Not as good for hard tissues e.g. bone
23
Q

T1 weighted MRI

A

Fat - Bright

Fluid - Dark

24
Q

T2 weighted MRI

A

Fluid - Bright

25
Q

STIR - fluid sensitive sequence MRI

A

Fat is suppressed and appears dark
Fluid - Bright

  • Useful in oedema
26
Q

Gadolinium

A

Injected percutaneously/ intravenously into a joint

27
Q

Ultrasonography (ultrasound)

A
  1. High-frequency sound waves produced by a transducer
  2. Sound waves travel through the body
  3. Tissues deflect the waves back to the transducer
  4. Analysis and image production
28
Q

Advantages of USS

A
  • no radiation

- Images soft tissues

29
Q

Disadvantages of USS

A
  • Resolution for hard tissues is poor

- Depends on skill of user

30
Q

Nuclear medicine e.g PET scan

A
  1. Uses a labelled radioisotope e.g. radioactively labelled glucose or biologically active drug
  2. Isotope emits radiation emissions which are detected

-Used to identify metabolically active areas e.g. -metastasis
healing fractures
osteomyelitis

31
Q

Disadvantages

A
  • Uses radiation which increases the risk of DNA mutation
  • Not suitable in children and pregnant women as have rapidly dividing cells
    (more susceptible to radiation-induced neoplasia)

MSK (28 decks)

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