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MSK > Lecture 1 - Basic concepts > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Basic concepts Flashcards

1
Q

6 functions of bone

A 
Support
Protection e.g skull 
Metabolism 
Storage e.g calcium phosphate 
Movement 
Haematopoiesis
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2
Q

6 functions of skeletal muscle

A 
Locomotion
Posture - postural muscles 
Metabolism - glycogen 
Venous return 
Heat production - shivering 
Continence - pelvic floor muscles
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3
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

Tendon - bone to muscle
Ligament - bone to bone
Fascia - compartmentalisation of muscles
Cartilage - hyaline/ fibrous

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4
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Found within joints, bursae and tendon sheaths

Produces synovial fluid which lubricates joints

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5
Q

3 classifications of joints

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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6
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Collagen fibres
Very limited mobility
High stability

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7
Q

Examples of fibrous joints

A

Sutures of the skull
Inferior tibiofibular joint (ankle)
Joint between the roots of a tooth and the bone of the mandible or maxilla
Radioulna interosseous membrane (forearm)
Posterior sacroiliac joint (Pelvis)

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8
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Hyaline cartilage

Found in the midline typically and in epiphyseal plates of long bones

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9
Q

Primary cartilaginous joints

A

Completely immobile
Hyaline cartilage
First sternocostal joint
Epiphyseal growth plates

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10
Q

Secondary cartilaginous joints

A

Also known as symphases
Articulating bones covered with hyaline cartilage with a pad of fibrocartilage between them

E.g symphysis pubis
Intervertebral discs
Manubriosternal joint

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11
Q

Periosteum arteries

A

Supply the periosteum and the outer third of the cortex of bone

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12
Q

Metaphyseal arteries

A

Enter at the site of attachment of the capsule

Children- do not cross the growth plates

Adulthood - anastomosis formed between the epiphyseal and metaphyseal arteries

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13
Q

Avascular necrosis

A

Death of bone due to the lack of blood supply

Common cause:
Fracture

Other cause:
alcoholism
Excessive steroid use
Thrombosis
Hypertension
Decompression sickness - small bubble of nitrogen which impede blood supply
Radiation - obliteration of small arteries

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14
Q

Bone remodelling

A

Response to environmental factors
E.g sustained application to load
Change in balance between osteoclast and osteoblasts activity

I.e increased use - higher osteoblasts activity therefore thicker

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15
Q

Synovial joints

A

Joint cavity containing synovial fluid

Articulating surfaces covered in hyaline cartilage - avascular

Fibrous capsule

Synovial membrane

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16
Q

Synovial fluid function

A

Provides lubrication to the articulating surfaces
Prevents friction
Shock absorber
Transport nutrients and waste products to and from articulate cartilage

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17
Q

Synovial articulating surfaces

A
  • hyaline cartilage
  • smooth,low friction movements
  • resists compressive forces - shock absorber
18
Q

Fibrous capsule

A

composed of collagen in longitudinal and interlacing bundles.

Encloses joint

Except at bursae - synovial protrusions

Poor blood supply

Stabilises joint
Permits movement
Resists dislocation
Continuous with the periosteum

19
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Thin
Highly vascularised- rich blood supply- transfer of nutrients
Produces synovial fluid
Lines joint capsule and covers any exposed osseous surfaces
Lines tendon sheaths and bursae

(Does not cover articulating cartilage or intra- articulating discs/menisci

20
Q

Shapes of synovial joint (6)

A 
Plane - move in one pla
Hinge 
Saddle 
Condyloid (ellipsoid) 
Pivot 
Ball and socket
21
Q

Plane joints

A

Two flat surfaces slide against each other
Smooth movement
Single plane
Several direction

Examples

Carpal bones of wrist
Facet joints

22
Q

Condyloid joints

A

Atlanto- occipital joint at base of skull

Radiocarpal joints - between radius and the carpals

23
Q

Saddle joints

A

Motion in 2 planes at the same time
Degree of sliding

Example:

1st carpometacarpal joint at base of thumb

24
Q

Hinge joint

A

Stable flexion and extension
No sliding or deviation
Single plane

Example:
Elbow

25
Q

Pivot joint

A

Peg within a ring shaped hole
Rotational motion with gliding
Without bending or sideways displacement

Example:
Atlanto - axial joint - allows head to rotate whilst maintains stability

26
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

Stable movement in several directions
Without slippage
Most mobile - least stable
Permit flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, lateral rotation and medial rotation, circumduction

Examples:
Hip
Shoulder

27
Q

Bursa

A

Small sac lined by synovial membrane
Contains a thin layer of synovial fluid
Provides cushion between bones and tendons/ muscle around a joint - reduce friction and promotes free movement

Filled with synovial fluid

Communicating or non-communicating with joint cavity

28
Q

Tendon sheaths

A

Elongated bursae that wrap around a tendon

Reduce friction associated with the movement of a tendon

29
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Clear or pale yellow
Viscous
Slightly alkaline

Contains: 
hyaluronic acid 
Lubricin 
Proteinases 
Collagenases
30
Q

Intervertebral discs

A

Between vertebrae

No synovial membrane

31
Q

Plexus of arteries

A

Surround synovial joints

Maintain blood supply regardless of the position

32
Q

Where do synovial joints form

A

Between adjacent cartilage models - joint interzone

33
Q

How do synovial joints form

A

Chondrocytes at the centre of the interzone region undergo apoptosis - joint cavity

Surrounding mesenchymal cells from the perichondrium form the periosteum where they lie in contact with bone

Form the articulating capsule and supporting ligament which ch lie in contact with the developing joint

34
Q

Knee joint cartilage

A

Some cartilage is preserved within the joint and develops into intra articulating ligaments

Examples:

Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of the knee

35
Q

Role of tendon

A

Force transmission

36
Q

Role of ligament

A

Support joints

Restrict range of movement

37
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Smooth

Reduces friction

38
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Higher collagen content
shock absorption
Increase congruity- better shape

39
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A

Calcium Phosphate (CaPO4)
Mineralises extracellular matrix
Makes bone rigid
Compressive strength

40
Q

Bone made of

A 
Collagen - tensile strength 
Elastin
Water 
Glycosaminoglycans 
Proteoglycans
41
Q

Factors influencing range of motion of a joint

A 
Structure of articulating bone
Strength and tension of the ligaments
Tone of muscle 
Apposition of neighbouring soft tissue
Hormones (relaxin)
Disuse

MSK (28 decks)

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