Radiology/ Laser Safety (Mordecai) Exam 1 Flashcards
Who discovered X-ray therapy in 1895?
A) Thomas Edison
B) Marie Curie
C) Wilhelm Roentgen
D) Alexander Graham Bell
C) Wilhelm Roentgen
- While experimenting with currents in a glass tube noticed that a fluorescent screen in the lab began to glow.
- Placed objects between the screen and the tube –> called “x” ray = something unknown
Slide 3
Matching
Match the Type of Radiation with its definition
1 - C) Electromagnetic Radiation
2 - A) Mechanical Radiation
3 - B) Nuclear (Neutron) Radiation
4 - D) Cosmic (Beta) Radiation
Slide 4
What characteristic best describes non-ionizing radiation?
A) It creates ions by knocking electrons off atoms
B) It is unstable and can lead to nuclear decay
C) It is stable and does not break molecular bonds
D) It disrupts cellular DNA directly by breaking molecular bonds
C) It is stable and cannot knock electrons off atoms or break molecular bonds
Slide 5
Which of the following is an example of non-ionizing radiation that could be harmful due to heat energy?
Select 2
A) X-rays
B) Gamma rays
C) Radio waves
D) Alpha particles
E) Microwaves
F) Toasters
C) Radio waves
E) Microwaves
The Brave Little Toaster (1987)
Slide 5
What happens to atoms when exposed to ionizing radiation?
A) They lose protons, forming new elements
B) They lose energy, becoming ionized
C) Their electrons are knocked off, creating ions
D) Their nuclei become unstable, leading to fission
C) Their electrons are knocked off, creating ions
Slide 5
What is a significant intracellular consequence of ion electrical charges from ionizing radiation? Select 2
A) Increased DNA cellular repair mechanisms
B) Breaks in DNA chains causing apoptosis
C) Enhanced immune response
D) Additive of non-ionized particles in DNA
E) Mutations in DNA chains causing cancer
B) Breaks in DNA chains causing apoptosis
E) Mutations in DNA chains causing cancer
Mutated sperm or egg cell = birth defects
Shorse…or is it a Horsk?
Slide 5
Which statement best describes the risk of repeated exposure to ionizing radiation?
A) The risk decreases with each exposure
B) The risk is cumulative with each exposure
C) The risk resets after a 6 months
D) The risk can be subtractive with exposure
B) The risk is cumulative, increasing with more exposure
additive risk - accumulates over time
Slide 5
What is the main difference between X-rays and visible light rays?
A) X-rays are mechanical energy, while visible light is electromagnetic energy
B) The energy level, which is related to wavelength
C) X-rays can be seen by the human eye, while visible light cannot
D) The energy level, which is related to nuclear radiation
B) The energy level, which is related to wavelength
Slide 6
Which of the following statements is true about X-rays and visible light rays?
A) Both are forms of electromagnetic energy carried by photons
B) Both have the same wavelength and carried by photons
C) X-rays have longer wavelengths than visible light rays
D) Both are visible to the human eye
A) Both are forms of electromagnetic energy carried by photons
Photons are light particles
Slide 6
X-rays have _______ wavelengths and _________ energy.
A) longer, lower
B) shorter, lower
C) same, higher
D) shorter, higher
D) shorter, higher
* * X-rays have shorter wavelengths and higher energy.
Slide 6
Radio waves have _______ wavelengths and ________ energy.
A) shorter, higher
B) longer, higher energy
C) shorter, lower energy
D) longer, lower energy
D) longer, lower
- Radio waves have longer wavelengths and lower energy.
Slide 6
True or False
We can see x-ray and radio waves on either side of the visible spectrum
False
We don’t see the shorter wavelength/higher energy X-ray waves – right side
We don’t see the longer wavelength/lower energyradio waves – left side
What causes light to be emitted from an atom?
A) The movement of protons within the nucleus
B) The collision of atoms with each other
C) The movement of electrons in atoms
D) The expansion of the atomic nucleus
C) The movement of electrons in atoms
Slide 7
When an atom is heated, moving particles excite the atom, causing the electron to jump to a __________ energy level/orbit.
A) Lower
B) Neutral
C) Higher
D) Unchanged
C) Higher
Slide 7
What must happen for an electron to fall back to its original orbit?
A) It must absorb more energy
B) It must lose mass
C) It must release energy
D) It must stop moving
C) It must release energy in the form of a photon
STNG
Slide 7
Why are small atoms less likely to absorb X-ray photons?
A) Their electron orbitals are further apart, with large jumps in energy
B) Their electron orbitals are closer together, with low jumps in energy
C) They have more electron orbitals with lower energy
D) Their electrons move faster at higher orbitals
B) Their electron orbitals are closer together, with low jumps in energy
Slide 8
On X-ray images, soft tissues tend to appear __________ because they are less likely to absorb X-ray photons.
A) Brighter
B) Lighter
C) Grayish
D) Clear
C) Grayish
Small atoms – closer together
Slide 8
Why do bones appear lighter and brighter on X-ray images compared to soft tissues?
A) Bones are composed of small atoms that reflect light
B) Bones are composed of large atoms that absorb more X-rays
C) Bones are denser and absorb less X-rays
D) Bones have more atoms that scatter X-rays
B) Bones are composed of large atoms that absorb more X-ray photons
Slide 8
Which type of atoms are more likely to absorb photons, such as X-rays?
A) Small atoms with closely spaced orbitals
B) Large atoms with closely spaced orbitals
C) Large atoms with greater energy differences between orbitals
D) Small atoms with greater energy differences between orbitals
C) Large atoms with greater energy differences between orbitals
Slide 8
What makes up an electrode pair of an X-ray machine?
A) Cathode
B) Canode
C) Anode
D) Anole
B) Cathode
C) Anode
Slide 10
What role does the cathode play in the X-ray machine?
A) It is a positively charged plate that attracts electrons
B) It heats a filament, causing electrons to fly off
C) It creates photons that pass through the body
D) It focuses the X-ray beam on the target area
B) It heats a filament, causing electrons to fly off
Negative charged side of the x-ray tube
Slide 10
What happens to the electrons after they are released from the cathode?
A) They are absorbed by the body
B) They are focused into a beam of light
C) They are attracted to the anode
D) They immediately generate photons
C) They are attracted across the tube to the positively charged anode
Slide 10
What is the primary material used to make the anode in an X-ray machine?
A) Thorium
B) Tantallium
C) Tungsten
D) Thallium
C) Tungsten
Slide 10
What is the primary function of the window in the thick shield that surrounds the X-ray machine?
A) Allows a narrow beam of photons to escape
B) To protect the patient from photons
C) To cool the machine during operation
D) Fires photons whenever tissue gets too close
A) Allows a narrow beam of photons to escape
Slide 11
What role does the camera on the opposite side of the X-ray machine play?
A) It generates the X-rays
B) It records the pattern of X-ray photons
C) It focuses the beam onto the desired area
D) It adjusts the intensity of the X-ray beam
B) It records the pattern of X-ray photons
Slide 11
The image created by an X-ray is the result of a __________ reaction on film.
A) Electrical
B) Radiation
C) Mechanical
D) Chemical
D) Chemical
Slide 11
__________ light can darken or lighten the X-ray image.
A) Infrared
B) Ultraviolet
C) Ambient
D) Reflected
C) Ambient
Slide 11
Changes in the intensity of the X-ray beam can result in __________ or __________ exposure, altering the appearance of the image.
A) Over / under
B) Left / right
C) Deep / shallow
D) Strong / weak
A) Over / under
Slide 11
Which of the following is NOT a common use of radiography (standard X-rays)?
A) Bone fractures
B) Placement of feeding tubes
C) Diagnosis of aneurysms
D) Detection of foreign objects
C) Diagnosis of aneurysms
Slide 12
Computed Tomography (CT) scans combine X-rays with __________ to create accurate 3D images.
A) Ultrasound
B) Magnetic resonance
C) Computer processing
D) Radiation therapy
C) Computer processing
Helps to diagnose the anatomical pathology – where the tumor is and exact measurements
Slide 12
Fluoroscopy involves the use of constant X-rays to create __________ images, often with or without contrast.
A) Still
B) Blurred
C) Real-time
D) 3D
C) Real-time
Slide 12
Which imaging technique involves high levels of xray exposure and is often used for procedures such as aneurysm coiling and cardiac stent placement?
A) Radiography
B) Mammography
C) Computed Tomography (CT)
D) Fluoroscopy
D) Fluoroscopy
Slide 12
True or False
X-rays cannot be used theraputically
False
They can be used for radiation therapy
* At higher doses, radiation can damage the cancer cell’s DNA
Slide 13
What is the most common side effect of radiation therapy?
A) Hair loss
B) Diarrhea
C) Urinary changes
D) Fatigue
D) Fatigue
Slide 14
Which area of the body is associated with skin changes, edema, and tenderness as side effects of X-ray treatment?
A) Head/neck
B) Pelvis
C) Breast
D) Abdomen
C) Breast
Slide 14
Which of the following side effects is commonly associated with X-ray treatment of the rectum?
A) Hair loss
B) Infertility
C) Nausea/Vomiting
D) Taste changes
B) Infertility
Fatigue, diarrhea, Sexual Problems and urinary changes
Slide 14
Which of the following are common side effects of X-ray treatment for the abdomen? (Select 3)
A) Diarrhea
B) Skin changes
C) Blurry vision
D) Urinary changes
E) Headache
A) Diarrhea
B) Skin changes
D) Urinary changes
N/V,Fatigue
Slide 14
Which is NOT a side effect for X-ray treatment of the head/neck?
A) Mouth changes
B) Dysphagia
C) Taste changes
D) SOB
D) SOB
Slide 14
True or False
Hypothyroidism is a side effect of Head/Neck radiation therapy
True
Slide 14
Which of the following side effects are commonly associated with X-ray treatment for the brain? (Select 3)
A) Headache
B) Blurry vision
C) Edema
D) Nausea/Vomiting
E) Cough
A) Headache
B) Blurry vision
D) Nausea/Vomiting
Fatigue, Hair Loss, skin changes
Slide 14
Which of the following are common side effects of X-ray treatment for the chest?
A) Cough, dysphagia, headache
B) Cough, shortness of breath, dysphagia
C) Dysphagia, hair loss, urinary changes
D) Fatigue, skin changes, dysphagia
B) Cough, shortness of breath, dysphagia
Fatigue, Hairloss
slide 14
What unit is used to measure radiation doses, nearly equivalent to the Rad?
A) Sievert
B) Millisievert
C) Rem
D) Curie
C) Rem
Radiation dose times a weighting factor
Slide 15
Radiation doses are often measured in __________, which is 1/1000 of a Rem.
A) Millirad
B) Millicurie
C) Millisievert
D) Millirem
D) Millirem (mrem)
Slide 15
How much radiation exposure is considered the annual allowable dose for the lens of the eye?
A) <500 mrem
B) <5,000 mrem
C) <15,000 mrem
D) <50,000 mrem
C) <15,000 mrem
Slide 15
What is the maximum annual allowable dose of radiation for pregnant individuals?
A) <15,000 mrem
B) <50,000 mrem
C) <500 mrem
D) <5,000 mrem
C) <500 mrem
prefer to occur after 2nd trimester! Less likely to affect replicating cells within the fetus/organogenesis
Slide 15
What happens when the collimation or the width of the beam is narrowed during an X-ray procedure?
A) The radiation dose increases
B) The radiation dose decreases
C) More scatter occurs
D) Less scatter occurs
D) Less scatter occurs
**Wider the collimation, the more radiation scatter) **
Slide 17
Ferromagnetic objects in a magnetic field experience which of the following forces? (Select all that apply)
A) Attractive force pulling them toward the center of the magnet
B) Torque attempting to line them up with the magnetic field
C) Repulsive force pushing them away from the magnetic field
D) Neutral force with no effect
A) Attractive force pulling them toward the center of the magnet
B) Torque attempting to line them up with the magnetic field
Slide 27
What does the acronym LASER stand for?
A) Light Amplification by Spontaneous Emission of Radiation
B) Light Amplification by Simulated Emission of Radiation
C) Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
D) Light Absorption by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
C) Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Slide 35
