Burns (Cornelius) Exam 1 COPY Flashcards
The types of burns include heat, electrical, friction, chemical, and ________.
A) Frostbite
B) Radiation
C) Fever
D) Hotsauce
B) Radiation
Cornelius - “a lot of times we think of the heat as being the devastating part of it an injury but in reality it’s usually the toxic exposures to things that aren’t supposed to burn, so keep that in the back of your mind”
Slide 2
Which of the following is NOT a factor related to the depth of thermal injury?
A) Contact temperature
B) Duration of contact
C) Thickness of skin
D) Amount of burned tissue
D) Amount of burned tissue
Cornelius “thermal injury depth is in reference to the temperature, things that are very hot or very cold ultimately will result in more thermal injury.”
Slide 3
True or False
The longer contact with heat is generally better than short contact with heat for severity of injury
False
Cornelius - How long they were in contact with it… shorter contact is generally better than longer contact
…except in electrical injuries, can be thrown from impact or fall
Slide 3
Heat burns usually involve which layers of the skin?
A) Epidermis and dermis
B) Epidermis and subcutaneous tissue
C) Dermis and muscle
D) Epidermis and hypodermis
A) Epidermis and dermis
Cornelius - Remember..on the surface, they may not have any sort of burns, but because of that toxic exposure, they may actually be in cardiac arrest or already dead. ☠️
Slide 3
Which of the following areas are more likely to experience severe burn injuries due to thinner skin?
A) Face, genitals, joints, hands
B) Back, chest, abdomen, hands
C) Joints, upper arms, calves, face
D) Scalp, elbows, heels, genitals
A) Face, genitals, joints, hands
Cornelius -critical areas where the skin tends to be a little bit thinner. So think about the face…genitals..,joints…hands. …they have higher incidence of severity as far as burn injury
Slide 3
Which of the following are common examples of causes of heat burns? (Select 4)
A) Hot liquid
B) Lightening
C) Steam
D) Cold air
E) Hot solid
F) Sunburns
G) Flame
A) Hot liquid
C) Steam
E) Hot solid
G) Flame
Slide 3
Energy transformed to heat when current passes through body tissue is classified as what type of burn?
A) Friction
B) Thermal
C) Electrical
D) Chemical
C) Electrical Burn
Cornelius - *this is one of the more devastating injuries we see…you’ve turned your body into a conduction pathway for the electricity. *
Slide 4
What are the most common ways we see electrical burns? Select 2
A) Lightening strikes
B) Forks in outlets
C) Fingers in outlets
D) Power lines
A) Lightening strikes
D) Power lines
Cornelius - *more either lightning or high tension power lines. Linemen, the guys that go out and put up power lines, have seen multiple significant injuries from them. *
Slide 4
Electrical burns can disrupt ___________ potential in the body’s cells, leading to significant cellular damage.
A) Membrane
B) Action
C) Electrical
D) Resting
A) Membrane
Slide 4
The magnitude of an electrical burn injury is dependent on the pathway, resistance, ___________ and the ___________ of current flow.
A) Voltage; duration
B) Strength; duration
C) Duration; frequency
D) Type; frequency
B) Strength; duration
Slide 4
Electrical injuries are particularly dangerous due to the potential for ___________.
A) Myocardial infarction
B) Ventricular fibrillation
C) Atrial fibrillation
D) Cardiac tamponade
B) Ventricular fibrillation
Cornelius - …it’s really important for them to get defibrillated very quickly
Slide 4
True or False
Electrical burns travel from the point of contact to the point of ground, so from the arms/head all the way down to the feet.
True
Slide 4
Why might DC (Direct Current) injuries result in more severe burns compared to AC (Alternating Current) injuries?
A) DC injuries involve higher voltages
B) DC injuries involve longer contact time
C) DC injurties involve shorter contact time
D) DC current is more common in households
B) DC injuries typically involve longer contact time with the source
Cornelius - *DC injuries are generally a little bit worse than AC injuries. *
Most of our houses just have AC that we have access to. DC injuries, they tend to stay in contact with the source longer.
Slide 4
Friction burns occur as a result of ___________ and the heat generated by the friction.
A) Chemical reactions
B) Mechanical disruption
C) Electrical conduction
D) Radiant energy
B) Mechanical disruption
Cornelius-*ropes being wrapped around arms, legs or like I said if you go back to when you were a kid and you went and like rubbed your arm *
Slide 5
Which of the following mechanisms is NOT typically involved in the injury pattern of chemical burns?
A) pH alteration
B) Disruption of cell membranes
C) Radiation damage
D) Direct toxic effect on metabolic processes
C) Radiation damage
Cornelius - Widespread burn from liquids/powders primarily… sometimes aersol. Weird injury patterns from splash
Slide 6
The magnitude of a chemical burn injury is influenced by both the duration of exposure and the ___________ of the chemical agent.
A) Temperature
B) Nature
C) Volume
D) Color
B) Nature - Acid vs. Alkali
Cornelius - the magnitude of the injury is really related to the duration of the exposure, so think to think about how quickly you can decontaminate people.
Slide 6
The nature of the chemical burn caused by alkali substances typically result in ___________ necrosis.
A) Coagulation
B) Liquefaction
C) Fat
D) Caseous
B) Liquefaction
Slide 6
The nature of the chemical burn caused by acid substances typically result in ___________ necrosis.
A) Coagulation
B) Liquefaction
C) Fat
D) Caseous
A) Coagulation
Slide 6
True or False
Dilution of the chemical toxin with water is probably your best approach to decontamination.
True
Cornelius - …you can decontaminate people…by removing clothing, and then commonly we’ll use water to irrigate. Dilution of the toxin is probably your best approach to decontamination, getting them out of the environment as well, especially if it’s something that could be caustic and prolonging the exposure
Slide 6
What is the primary cause of tissue damage in radiation burns?
A) Mechanical disruption
B) Chemical reactions
C) Ionization
D) Thermal conduction
C) Ionization
Slide 7
The magnitude of radiation burns is most dependent on which of the following factors? Select 2
A) The amount of particles
B) The types of electric charge
C) The hydration level of the skin
D) The types of particles
E) The dose and time of exposure
D) The types of particles
E) The dose and time of exposure
Slide 7
Which of the following is a common long-term effect of radiation exposure in healthcare workers?
A) Skin cancer
B) Cataracts
C) Hypertension
D) Diabetes
B) Cataracts
Cornelius - *an increased incidence of cataracts, some degree of neuropathy in fingers and toes especially like people that work in interventional radiology, cath lab, those sorts of things do lots of orthopedic procedures. *
Slide 7
Which of the following are common examples of situations that can lead to radiation burns? (Select 4)
A) Sunburns
B) Exposure to therapeutic radiation
C) Diagnostic medical procedures
D) Wearing lead gloves
E) Working in the nuclear industry
F) Using tanning beds frequently
A) Sunburns
B) Exposure to therapeutic radiation
C) Diagnostic medical procedures
E) Working in the nuclear industry
Slide 7
Why is the classification of burn depth important in the treatment of burn injuries?
A) It determines the risk of infection
B) Helps with assessing the need for surgical grafting
C) Influences the choice of antibiotics
D) It decides the type of pain management required
B) It helps in assessing the need for surgical grafting
and determining healing potential
Slide 8
What is the typical time frame for burns, such as sunburns, to fully declare themselves?
A) 6 to 12 hours
B) 12 to 24 hours
C) 24 to 72 hours
D) Immediately
C) 24 to 72 hours
Cornelius - Burn injuries, they’re not going to magically get better over a day or two. They’re only going to get worse
Slide 8
In burn injuries, where are the higher degree burns typically located?
A) On the fringes of the burn area
B) In the center of the burn area
C) Evenly distributed throughout the burn area
D) Only on the surface layer of the skin
B) In the center of the burn area
Cornelius - *we don’t have uniformity as burns are applied, whether it’s a chemical burn or an electrical burn or thermal. It’s not just a magic chunk of tissue that is all going to be third degree. *
Slide 8
True or False
We include superficial or first degree burns in our total burn surface area (TBSA).
False
Cornelius - We don’t include superficial or first degree burns in our total burn surface area.
We really only talk about second degree or third degree burns
Slide 8
Which population is more likely to experience deeper burns due to thinner skin? (select all that apply)
A) Adults >65
B) Adults >55
C) Children <5
D) Children >5
B) Adults >55
C) Children <5
Cornelius - *You may also notice that older people… patients or kids have deeper burns because they also have a little bit thinner skin. The good news for the kids is they generally have a little bit more adipose tissue underlying the skin.
*
Slide 8
Which layer of the skin is affected by a superficial (1st-degree) burn?
A) Dermis
B) Subcutaneous tissue
C) Epidermis
D) Muscle
C) Epidermis
Slide 9
What is a common characteristic of a superficial (1st-degree) burn?
A) Presence of blisters
B) Skin is intact and red in color
C) Deep tissue damage
D) Loss of sensation
B) Skin is intact and red in color
Slide 9
How long does it typically take for a superficial (1st-degree) burn to heal?
A) 1-2 days
B) 3-6 days
C) 7-10 days
D) Over 2 weeks
B) 3-6 days
Slide 9
Which of the following are true characteristics of a superficial (1st-degree) burn? (Select 2)
A) Involves only the dermis
B) Skin is broken and red in color
C) Surface is dry with no blisters
D) Extremely painful
C) Surface is dry with no blisters
D) Extremely painful and hypersensitive
Cornelius - If you touch a first -degree burn, it’s very painful. If they get in the shower, especially if there’s an exposure to kind of extremes of temperature, either very hot water or very cold, it’s very sensitive to them
Slide 9
Which layers of the skin are affected by a superficial partial thickness (2nd-degree) burn?
A) Epidermis only
B) Epidermis and part of the dermis
C) Dermis and subcutaneous tissue
D) Subcutaneous tissue and muscle
B) Epidermis and part of the dermis
Cornelius - a very painful burn with exposed nerve endings.
Slide 10
What is a common appearance of a superficial partial thickness (2nd-degree) burn?
A) Dry and red
B) Mottled red color with blisters
C) White and leathery
D) Charred and blackened
B) Mottled red color with blisters or weeping
Slide 10
How long does it typically take for a superficial partial thickness (2nd-degree) burn to heal?
A) 3-6 days
B) 7-9 days
C) 10-14 days
D) 15-20 days
C) 10-14 days
* Minimal scarring*
Cornelius -*But it also depends on how severe and how much of an area you have if you have widespread partial superficial partial thickness burns *
Slide 10
Which layer of the skin is primarily affected by a deep partial thickness (2nd-degree) burn?
A) Epidermis only
B) Epidermis and superficial dermis
C) Extends more deeply into the dermis
D) Subcutaneous tissue
C) Extends more deeply into the dermis
Cornelius - *good news is these tend to be a little bit **less painful **because the nerve endings may have already been damaged. *
Slide 12
What is a characteristic appearance of a deep partial thickness (2nd-degree) burn? Select 2
A) Mottled red color with blisters
B) Pale in color
C) Charred and blackened
D) Dry and intact
E) Decreased moisture
B) Pale in color with decreased moisture
E) Decreased moisture (due to damaged sweat glands)
Cornelius - There’s decreased perfusion to the superficial area, so you may notice that they have no blanching or kind of an absent capillary refill there.
Slide 12
Which of the following are true characteristics of deep partial thickness (2nd-degree) burns? (Select 2)
A) Extends deeply into the fat
B) Mottled in color
C) Requires skin grafting
D) Blanching is absent or prolonged
E) Heals in 10-14 days
C) Requires skin grafting for healing,
D) Blanching is absent or prolonged
Cornelius called* the pic on the left “non -accidental trauma.” Sticking the hand intentionally in a hot substance. The picture on the right is irregular pattern and likely from a fry cook splashing hot oil on his hands*
Slide 12
Healing time for a deep partial thickness (2nd-degree) burn is generally ___________ days, and it may require skin grafting.
A) 10-14
B) 15-20
C) 21-28
D) 30-40
C) 21-28
Slide 12
Which layers of the skin are affected by a full thickness (3rd-degree) burn?
A) Epidermis only
B) Epidermis and part of the dermis
C) Extends through the entire dermis
D) Subcutaneous tissue and muscle only
C) Extends through the entire dermis
Dermis has been destroyed
Slide 14
What is a characteristic appearance of a full thickness (3rd-degree) burn?
A) Mottled red color, dry with blisters
B) Translucent, dry, painless, charred
C) Red, dry, and inflamed with pain
D) Moist, red with oozing fluid
B) Translucent, dry, painless, charred
Cornelius - even though the primary wound itself is not very painful, as you get a little bit further out, they’re still going to have pain there
Slide 14
True or False
At the center of a Full Thickness (3rd Degree Burn), there will be no cap-refill, they require grafting and sometimes amputation.
True - non-blanching
Cornelius - There’s no cap refill there. It’s kind of hard to tell whether it’s a second degree or a third degree. But if it’s second degree, it’s only going to get worse over time
Slide 14
Which of the following are true statements about the process of escharotomy in patients with thermal injuries? (Select 2)
A) There is minimal bleeding due to the coagulation of blood vessels by the burn.
B) Fluid loss does not occur during an escharotomy
C) Bleeding is a sign of reaching non-viable tissue
D) Significant blood loss is expected throughout the whole procedure.
E) Fluid loss may still occur even if there is minimal active bleeding.
A) There is minimal bleeding due to the coagulation of blood vessels by the burn
E) Fluid loss may still occur even if there is minimal active bleeding.
Cornelius - when we start getting to healthy tissue that’s bleeding and viable, that’s kind of a sign for us to stop
Slide 15
Which of the following characteristics describe a superficial (1st-degree) burn? (Select 3)
A) Red appearance
B) Pearly white, charred appearance
C) Dry or very small blisters on the surface
D) Very painful
E) Painful sensation
F) Involves the entire dermis
A) Red appearance
C) Dry or very small blisters on the surface
E) Painful sensation
Not calculated in
TBSA
Slide 16
Which of the following characteristics describe a partial thickness (2nd-degree) burn? (Select 2)
A) Pink or mottled red appearance, may be white
B) Pearly white, charred appearance
C) Bullae or moist, weeping surface
D) Insensate surface
F) Dry and inelastic
A) Pink or mottled red appearance, may be white
C) Bullae or moist, weeping surface
Slide 16
True or False
Partial Thickness (2nd Degree Burn) burns are very painful in sensation.
True
Slide 16
Which of the following characteristics describe a full thickness (3rd-degree) burn? (Select 3)
A) Red appearance
B) Pearly white, charred, translucent
C) Dry and inelastic surface
D) Very painful
E) Insensate surface
F) Involves only the epidermis
B) Pearly white, charred, translucent, or parchment-like appearance
C) Dry and inelastic surface
E) Insensate surface
Any significant burn will require skin grafting
Slide 16
According to the Rule of Nines, what percentage of Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) is assigned to each leg?
A) 9%
B) 18%
C) 36%
D) 1%
B) 18%
*Each leg is 18 percent, nine front, nine back. *
Slide 17
Which area is assigned 1% of TBSA according to the Rule of Nines?
A) Head
B) Each arm
C) Perineum
D) Each leg
C) Perineum
The critical one percent
Slide 17
The Rule of Nines assigns ___________ of TBSA to each arm.
A) 18%
B) 9%
C) 1%
D) 4.5%
B) 9%
Slide 17
The anterior and posterior trunk each account for ___________ of TBSA according to the Rule of Nines.
A) 9%
B) 18%
C) 36%
D) 1%
B) 18%
Slide 17
The head accounts for ___________ of TBSA according to the Rule of Nines.
A) 9%
B) 18%
C) 36%
D) 1%
A) 9%
Slide 17
According to the TBSA percentages for an infant, what percentage is assigned to the head and neck?
A) 13.5%
B) 10%
C) 21%
D) 18%
Answer: C) 21%
Cornelius - going from the adult patient to the pediatric patient, the head tends to be disproportionately larger, so they tend to get a little bit more credit for that
Select 18
What percentage of TBSA is assigned to each leg in an infant?
A) 18%
B) 21%
C) 13.5%
D) 10%
C) 13.5%
Slide 18
The combined TBSA percentage for the abdomen and back in an infant is ___________.
A) 13%
B) 18%
C) 26%
D) 36%
C) 26%
13% for abdomen and 13% for back
Slide 18
Which body part has the smallest TBSA percentage in an infant according to the image?
A) Buttocks
B) Genital area
C) Each arm
D) Back
B) Genital area 1%
Slide 18
The TBSA percentage for each arm in an infant is ___________.
A) 21%
B) 10%
C) 13%
D) 13.5%
B) 10%
Slide 18
The TBSA percentage for the buttocks in an infant is ___________.
A) 5%
B) 13%
C) 13.5%
D) 10%
A) 5%
Slide 18
According to the Palmer Method, the area of the patient’s palm with fingers together represents what percentage of Total Body Surface Area (TBSA)?
A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 1%
D) 15%
C) 1%
Cornelius - it’s just kind of an estimate when you’re trying to figure out the burned area, but this is a little more specific, especially if you have irregular areas and you’re trying to be a little bit more detailed
Slide 19
True or False
Larger burn surface areas are often overestimated.
False. They are underestimated
Cornelius - * we tend to underestimate larger burned surface areas. Part of that we are not really sure how badly burned they are for a couple of days…if you think you’ve got somebody that’s approaching burn center criteria, go ahead and round it up. *
Slide 20
In obese individuals, burn estimation may ___________ torso burns while ___________ extremity burns.
A) Overestimate, underestimate
B) Accurately assess, miscalculate
C) Ignore, focus on
D) Underestimate, overestimate
D) Underestimate, overestimate
Slide 20
In women with large breasts (cup size D or larger), the ___________ surface area is larger, affecting burn estimation.
A) Abdominal
B) Chest
C) Extremity
D) Back
B) Chest
Cornelius - *someone with large breasts, they may have a larger surface area in the chest because they have more involved tissue there. *
Slide 20
The shape of the body, specifically ___________ versus ___________, is important in estimating burn areas in obese patients.
A) Android, gynecoid
B) Ectomorph, endomorph
C) Pear, pineapple
D) Android, ectomorph
A) Android, gynecoid
Slide 20
What are the two conflicting priorities that need to be managed in the pathophysiology of burn injuries?
A) Hypothermia and infection
B) Pain and mobility
C) Shock and edema
D) Nutrition and hydration
C) Shock and edema
Cornelius - you will have a relative hypovolemia, but at the same time you tend to see that they become very edematous
Slide 21
Edema in burn patients is caused by fluid leaving the ___________ space and accumulating in the interstitium.
A) Intravascular
B) Intracellular
C) Intrathecal
D) Subcutaneous
A) Intravascular
Cornelius - *In one sense they’re fluid overloaded because they’re edematous, but they’re also volume depleted because they’ve lost that intravascular volume. *
Slide 21
The loss of plasma from the microvasculature into the interstitium is a result of increased ___________.
A) Blood pressure
B) Permeability
C) Heart rate
D) Oxygenation
B) Permeability
Slide 21
What factors determine the extent of fluid loss in burn patients?
A) Patient’s age and gender
B) Burn depth and patient temperature
C) Burn location and patient height
D) Burn size and patient weight
D) Burn size and patient weight
Slide 22
At what percentage of Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) does burn shock typically develop, necessitating IV resuscitation in an ICU?
A) 10%
B) 15%
C) 20%
D) 30%
C) 20%
Cornelius - *.. if you have somebody that’s got an inhalation burn, essentially the size of a tennis court..imagine how much potential for fluid loss and injury there without being able to see a single thing. *
Slide 22
What is a potential consequence of under-resuscitation in burn patients?
A) Abdominal compartment syndrome
B) Pulmonary edema
C) Decreased perfusion
D) ARDS
C) Decreased perfusion leading to burn shock and end organ failure
Slide 23
Which organ is most susceptible to damage due to under-resuscitation in burn patients?
A) Heart
B) Liver
C) Kidneys
D) Lungs
C) Kidneys
Cornelius - *decreased intravascular volume = decreased perfusion shock, and end-organ damage, kidneys being the most susceptible *
we’re better off focusing on treatment of the kidneys through CRRT than continuing to fluid overload them
Slide 23
What complication can occur due to over-resuscitation in burn patients?
A) Dehydration
B) Abdominal compartment syndrome
C) Hyperthermia
D) Hypotension
B) Abdominal compartment syndrome
Cornelius - we generally use crystalloid for resuscitation, it’s going to leak out and can cause mesenteric edema.
slide 23
Which *complications *can arise from over-resuscitation in burn patients? (Select 2)
A) Chest compartment syndrome
B) Pulmonary edema
C) Improved kidney function
D) Hypovolemic shock
E) Dehydration
F) ARDS
B) Pulmonary edema
F) ARDS
Corndog - good news is we were saving the kidneys with all that fluid. The downside is that we were causing kind of a secondary injury..better off to not take out the lungs, the abdominal organs
Slide 23
Which of the following are components of the auto-cannbalism that occurs after burn trauma? (Select 3)
A) Loss of fat
B) Loss of lean body mass
C) Decreased metabolic rate
D) Gluconeogenesis
E) Insulin sensitivity
A) Loss of fat
B) Loss of lean body mass
D) Gluconeogenesis
Hypermetabolic state
Slide 24
Which process is primarily responsible for the loss of lean body mass in burn patients?
A) Lipolysis
B) Gluconeogenesis
C) Proteolysis
D) Glycogenolysis
C) Proteolysis
Slide 24
Which of the following are metabolic responses observed in burn patients? (Select 2)
A) Lipolysis
B) Glycolysis
C) Insulin resistance
D) Gaining of lean body mass
E) Hypometabolism
A) Lipolysis - loss of fat
C) Insulin resistance
Slide 24
What factors determine the intensity and duration of the metabolic response to trauma in burn patients?
A) Age of the patient and body mass
B) Magnitude of injury and degree of pain
C) Degree of pain and type of burn
D) Magnitude of injurty and type of burn
B) Magnitude of the injury and degree of pain
Magnitude of injury
Degree of pain (leads to tachycardia and HTN, thus ↑ metabolism)
Slide 25
When a patient has burns covering more than 40% of their body surface area (BSA), what happens to their metabolic rate?
A) It decreases by half
B) It stays the same
C) It doubles
D) It triples
C) It doubles.
Slide 25
Burn patients with extensive injuries (over 40% BSA) may experience ___________ for months due to a hypermetabolic state.
A) Muscle growth
B) Fat accumulation
C) Auto-cannibalism
D) Increased energy
C) Auto-cannibalism
Slide 25
Which of the following are likely consequences in burn patients with more than 40% BSA affected? (Select 2)
A) Metabolic rate is cut in half
B) Auto-cannibalism lasting for days
C) Enhanced immune response
D) Recurrent infections
E) Poor wound healing
Immunosupression
D) Recurrent infections
E) Poor wound healing
Cornelius - increased metabolic rate for three to six months and sometimes even longer…make sure that they’re meeting all the nutritional demands. Continue TPN or clear carbohydrates
Slide 25
What hormones are increased in burn patients that affect carbohydrate metabolism?
A) Insulin, growth hormone, and glucagon
B) Cortisol, catecholamines, and glucagon
C) Catecholamines, progesterone, and glucagon
D) Cortisol, calcitonin, and catecholamines
B) Cortisol, catecholamines, and glucagon
Slide 26
Match the carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) level with the appropriate symptoms.
- 1-3%
- 4-9%
- 15-20%
- 20-25%
- > 25%
Options:
A) Overt signs of toxicity (headache, nausea, vomiting, etc.)
B) Unconsciousness and death
C) Smokers
D) Normal nonsmoker
E) Signs of severe toxicity (seizures, acute renal failure, myocardial ischemia)
- 1-3% - D) Normal nonsmoker
- 4-9% - C) Smokers
- 15-20% - A) Overt signs of toxicity (headache, nausea, vomiting, etc.)
- 20-25% - E) Signs of severe toxicity (seizures, acute renal failure, myocardial ischemia)
- > 25% - B) Unconsciousness and death
Slide 47
Which of the following signs and symptoms are indicative of an airway burn or inhalational injury? (Select all that apply-6)
A) Hoarseness, wheezing, shortness of breath (SOB)
B) Carbonaceous sputum
C) Singed nasal and facial hairs
D) Deep facial burns
E) Comatose patient
F) Greater than 40% total body surface area (TBSA) burned
G) Hypotension with bradycardia
A) Hoarseness, wheezing, shortness of breath (SOB)
B) Carbonaceous sputum
C) Singed nasal and facial hairs
D) Deep facial burns
E) Comatose patient
F) Greater than 40% total body surface area (TBSA) burned
Slide 52
Which of the following challenges may be encountered when intubating a patient with an airway burn or inhalational injury? (Select all that apply-3)
A) Difficulty identifying the tracheal aperture
B) Early worsening of the airway condition
C) Ease of passing the endotracheal tube
D) Significant tracheal edema
E) Minimal airway obstruction
A) Difficulty identifying the tracheal aperture
B) Early worsening of the airway condition
D) Significant tracheal edema
why we trying to intubate these patients early
Slide 53
