Radiology Exam Random Terms Flashcards
1
Q
3 types of intraoral radiographic exams
A
periapical, interproximal, occlusal
2
Q
periapical techniques
A
parallel and bisecting
3
Q
interproximal technique
A
bitewing
4
Q
occlusal examination techniques
A
panoramic and cephalometric
5
Q
full mouth series
A
consists of periapical and bitewing images
size 1 receptors in anterior
size 2 receptors in posterior
6
Q
paralleling technique creates
A
the most accurate representation of a tooth image
7
Q
five rules of the paralleling technique
A
receptor placement
receptor position
vertical angulation
horizontal angulation
receptor exposure
8
Q
radiopaque
A
portion/structure of the image that appears light or white (dense)
9
Q
radiolucent
A
portion/structure of the image that appears dark or black (lacks density)
10
Q
x-radiation causes ______ changes in living cells, and adversely affects all _______ tissues
A
biological, living
11
Q
what should you do for patient protection before exposure
A
assess proper equipment and determine the proper prescribing of x-rays to limit radiation but still meet diagnostic needs
12
Q
what is ALARA
A
As Low As Reasonably Achievable
provides protection for both patients and operators
13
Q
rules of ALARA
A
time: short as possible
distance: inverse square law, doubling distance reduces dose rate by 1/4
shielding: put something between you and the radioactive source
14
Q
ways of protecting the patient during exposure
A
thyroid collar
lead apron
digital sensors (less radiation)
beam alignment devices (stabilization)
exposure factor selection (shortest time possible to make diagnostic image)
proper technique (avoid re-exposure)
15
Q
ways of protecting the patient after exposure
A
proper receptor handling to have no artifacts to prevent a non diagnostic image
proper film processing or image scanning to prevent retakes
16
Q
operator protection
A
avoid primary beam
distant recommendations
shielding recommendations
radiation monitoring of equipment and personnel
17
Q
quality assurance program (QAP)
A
- is the planned and organised actions necessary to
provide adequate confidence that dental X-ray
equipment and related components reliably produce
quality radiographs with minimum doses to patients
and staff - includes quality control procedures for the monitoring
and testing of dental X-ray equipment and related
components, and administrative procedures to ensure
that monitoring, evaluation and corrective actions are
properly performed.
18
Q
tube head quality assurance
A
check for drifting of the tube head to prevent errors
19
Q
digital imaging quality assurance
A
daily back up of imaging
exam receptors
annual calibration of imaging equipment and receptors
update and maintenance of computers
20
Q
handling of receptors
A
PSP plates use clean gloves
periodic examination for scratching, bending and general wear and tear
# of times plates are used 50-200
21
Q
digital receptors PSP damage
A
can be damaged by debris, bite marks, bending, fading of plates, loss of image quality
remove damaged plates from circulation
22
Q
why are scratches important
A
can mimic findings
23
Q
circular artifact
A
caused by localized swelling of the protective coating on the PSP plate from disinfectant solution
24
Q
glove powder/debris
A
artifact resulting from plate surface contamination
25
non-uniform image density
partial exposure of PSP plates to excessive ambient light prior to scanning
plates are overlapped while exposed to ambient light
26
double images
due to incomplete erasing of the previous images
only 1 retake is necessary
27
image degradation
delayed scanning
image too bright
28
damaged image receptor
excessive bending of PSP causes permanent damage to plate
avoid by select the appropriate size, correct placement, use tissue cushions
29
digital sensor receptors DONT'S
check wire connections
avoid over bending cable
avoid shock
do not autoclave, expose to liquids, store in direct sunlight, allow patients to bite cable, clamp cable with hemostat, hand sensor by cable
30
digital sensor receptors DO'S
disinfect sensor prior to each use
store in holster
keep off floor
use positioning device and sheaths
ground yourself
store in high place
never tightly coil the cable
careful of retakes
31
dropped sensors can produce
geometric image artifacts
32
storage of dental x-ray films
sensitive to light, heat, humidity, chemical contamination, mechanical stress and x-radiation
33
film handling errors
fingerprint, static, scratch, film bending
34
quality assurance of digital processing equipment
keep PSP plates covered after exposure, low ambient lighting in scanning room
direct sensors: lighting is not applicable
35
quality assurance of film
darkroom must be light tight with adequate safe lighting, cleanliness, adequate temperature control of water supply
36
lighting errors of the darkroom for film processing
light leak: exposed areas appear black, accidental exposure of film to white light, torn or defective film packets
fogged films: appear gray and lacks image detail and contrast
37
quality assurance of digital PSP scanners
use highest scanning resolution, check weekly for cleanliness
38
quality assurance of film processing equipment
monitor temperature and levels of water bath, developer, and fixer solutions
follow proper processing time and temperature recommendations
39
functioning film processor
unexposed film appears clear and dry, exposed film appears black and dry
40
nonfunctioning film processor
if unexposed film does not appear clear and dry and if the exposed film does not appear completely black and dry
41
nonfunctioning film processor produces what kinds of images
dark image: developer or water temperature too high, development time too long
light image: developer or water temperature too low, development time too short
green-orange-brown image: weak fixer solution, strained by oxidized developer, improper washing
42
risk management
-policies and procedures to reduce the chances that a patient will file legal action against the dental radiographer
-reduces the likelihood of a malpractice lawsuit
-dental radiographer must be careful to never say anything bad about the x-ray equipment
43
informed consent
-person has the legal right to make choices about the care they receive
-consent is given by the patient following complete disclosure
-use terms the patient can understand but does not oversimplify an explanation
44
what happens if patient is minor or legally incompetent
informed consent must be obtained by legal guardian
45
what happens if consent is not obtained
the individual may legally claim malpractice or negligence
46
consent cannot be obtained when
obtained by an individual who has no legal right to give, given under the influence of drugs or alcohol, obtained by misrepresentation, given by individual under duress, obtained after incomplete disclosure
47
liability
when procedures are performed by an individual the individual is liable
48
malpractice
results when the oral health practitioner is negligent in the delivery of oral care
49
negligence
when the diagnosis or the oral health treatment delivered falls below the standard of care
50
standard of care/best practice
quality of care is provided by oral health practitioners in a similar locality under the same or similar conditions
51
statute of limitations
time period during which a patient may bring a malpractice action against the dentist, dental hygienist or other members of the oral health team
52
confidentiality
-not appropriate to discuss patient with another patient or office members not involved in care
-can send radiographs to specialty office with patient's permission
-in NS if patients want their records sent to another office they must sign documentation
53
ownership of dental radiographs
-radiographs are the property of the dentist or dental hygienist
-information belongs to the patient, patients do have access to their records
54
patients who refuse dental radiographs
-should sign an informed refusal form
-patients need to understand that the risk from radiation is minimal compared to the risk of working without a radiograph
-tell the patient about how the office reduces exposure and the importance of radiographs
55
how does negligence occur
-not diagnostic images
-viewing conditions are not ideal
-not taking appropriate time to interpret
-mirror images
-documentation in another person's file
56
quality evaluation criteria
acceptable image: detail, definition, density, contrast, no receptor handling and processing errors
all crowns and teeth fully depicted: all apices with 2-3 mm beyond, correct receptor placement, no cone-cutting or partial images, no a's or o in apical region
minimal distortion and overlap: no overlap of interproximal contacts, no foreshortening or elongation
57
artifacts
caused by equipment, technical errors, processing/scanning errors, improper handling
58
patient preparation errors
-occlusal plane is not parallel to the floor
-midsagittal plane is not perpendicular to floor
-remove dental appliances, head and neck piercings, jewelry, galsses
-artifacts can be superimposed over the dental image as ghost images
-motion of patient, tube head or receptor results in a blurred image
59
receptor placement errors
periapical: incorrect anterior/posterior positioning, failure to properly center receptor
bitewing:
premolar: receptor is placed too far back cutting off the mesial of the first premolar/distal of the 3, receptor is placed too far forward capturing more than 1/2 of the canine
molar: receptor is placed too far back cutting off the mesial of the first molar/distal of the 5, receptor is placed too far forward cutting off distal of last erupted tooth, do not see mesial of 6s, placed too posteriorly
mirroring, absence of apical structures, client is not biting on the bite block, bending
60
receptor position errors
-dropped receptor corner: edge of receptor not placed parallel to the incisal-occlusal surfaces
-tilted occlusal plane
-absence of crowns
61
vertical angulation errors
-elongation: needs to increase the vertical angulation
-foreshortening: decrease the vertical angulation
-cutting off apices: too much vertical angulation
-cutting off occlusal/incisal surfaces: too little vertical angulation
62
horizontal angulation errors
-overlapping
-often needs a retake
-correct by directing the x-ray beam through the interproximal contacts
-PID alignment artifact: if x-ray is not centered over the receptor
63
other exposure errors not related to paralleling technique
-failure to change settings on the control panel (underexposed is too light, overexposed is too dark)
-not positioning PID over receptor when exposing
64
handling errors
-delayed scanning
-overlapping PSP plates
-creasing, crimping or bending of plates
-plate scratches
-debris accumulation
-phalangioma
-double exposure
65
worst error ever
double exposure
two images are undiagnosable
two radiographs will have to be retaken (total of 4)
double exposure of radiation for patient
66
scanning errors
-no image appears after scanning: PSP fed backwards, PSP was erased before scanning, PSP was not exposed to x-rays
-PSP exposed to light after exposure
-delayed time before scanning
-image is skewed
-two plates were inserted
-white dots, ghost images or shadows
67
cortical bone
-compact bone
-the dense outer layer of bone
-more radiopaque and distinct
-inferior of the mandible, lamina dura, alveolar crest
68
cancellous bone
-soft, spongy, located between two layers of dense cortical bone
-composed of numerous bony trabeculae that form a lattice-like network of spaces filled with bone marrow
-trabeculae of bone appear radiopaque
-marrow spaces appear radiolucent
69
radiopaque structures
enamel, dentin, calcifications, metal
70
radiolucent structures
air space, sinus, caries, soft tissues, pulp chambers and canals
71
dental enamel junction
-the junction between the enamel and dentin
-appears as a line where they very radiopaque enamel meets the less radiopaque dentin
72
pulp cavity
-consists of the pulp chamber and pulp canals
-contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics
-relatively radiolucent
73
alveolar bone
-maxilla and mandible bone that supports and encases the roots of teeth
-composed of dense cortical bone and cancellous bone
-consists of alveolar crest, periodontal ligament space, lamina dura
74
alveolar crestal bone
-most coronal portion of the alveolar bone found between teeth
-appears as a radiopaque line along the alveolar process at the gingival margin
-resorption with periodontal disease
75
alveolar anterior crestal bone
appears pointed and sharp between the teeth
appears as a dense radiopaque line in the anterior region
76
alveolar posterior crestal bone
appears flat and smooth between the teeth
appears less dense and less radiopaque than the alveolar crest seen in the anterior region
77
periodontal ligament
-fibrous connective tissue that surrounds and attaches the roots to the alveolar bone
-located in the radiolucent periodontal space between the cementum and the lamina dura
-thin radiolucent line around the tooth
78
lamina dura
-a dense radiopaque line that surrounds the root of a tooth
-disappears after dental extraction
-a valuable diagnostic feature
-necrosis: loss of lamina dura
79
excessive occlusal forces
-lamina dura depends upon stimulation provided by occlusal function to preserve its structure
-excessive occlusal forces results in: periodontal injury, widening of the PDL space, sign of mobility, space becomes thin
-wider and denser around roots of teeth in heavy occlusion
-thinner and less dense around teeth not subjected to occlusal function
80
normal bone: maxilla
-trabecular pattern - vertical (more lace-like)
-spaces in posterior larger than anterior
81
trabecular pattern: anterior maxilla
-thin and numerous
-forming a fine, granular dense pattern
-marrow space small and relatively numerous
82
trabecular pattern: posterior maxilla
-similar to anterior maxilla
-marrow spaces may be slightly larger
83
normal bone: mandible
-horizontal pattern
-less trabecular
-larger marrow space
84
trabecular pattern in anterior mandible
-thicker and fewer than maxilla
-larger marrow spaces
-courser pattern
-trabecular plates more horizontal
85
trabecular pattern in posterior mandible
-oriented horizontal
-marrow spaces comparable to anterior mandible but are larger
86
prominences of bone
-composed of dense cortical bone
-appears radiopaque
-5 terms used to describe bony prominences: process, ridge, spine, tubercle, tuberosity
87
process
a marked prominence of bone
coronoid process
88
ridge
a linear prominence or projection of bone
external and internal oblique ridges
89
spine
a sharp, thorn-like projection of bone
anterior nasal spine of the maxilla
90
tubercle
a small bump or nodule of bone
genial tubercles, mental tubercle
91
tuberosity
a rounded prominence of bone
maxillary tuberosity
92
spaces and depressions in bone
appear radiolucent, does not resist passage of x-ray beam
four terms: canal, foramen, fossa, sinus
93
canal
tube like passageway through bone that contains nerves and blood vessels
94
foramen
an opening or hole in bone that permits the passage of nerves and blood vessels
mental foramen
95
fossa
a broad, shallow, scooped-out or depressed area of bone
submandibular fossa of the mandible
96
sinus
a hollow space, cavity or recess in bone
maxillary sinus
97
septum
bony wall/partition that divides 2 spaces or cavities
may be present with the space of a fossa/sinus
radiopaque in contrast to the space or cavity
nasal septum
98
suture
an immovable joint that represents a line of union between adjoining bones of the skull
only found in the skull
appears as a thin radiolucent line
median palatine suture
