Gag Response/ Diagnosis of Caries

Question 1

gag reflex

Answer 1

prevents unwanted entry of any foreign body to respiratory passage which leads to choking

Question 2

gagging requires the following

Answer 2

cessation of respiration
contraction of muscles in throat and abdomen

Question 3

patient management of gag reflex

Answer 3

operator attitude
patient and equipment
exposure sequencing
receptor placement and technique

Question 4

image interpretation

Answer 4

explanation of what is viewed on an image
ability to read what is revealed by a image
must be able to identify and recognize caries

Question 5

diagnosis

Answer 5

the identification of a disease by examination or analysis

Question 6

caries

Answer 6

the localized destruction of teeth by microorganisms
normal mineralized tooth structure is altered and destroyed by caries

Question 7

clinical examination of caries

Answer 7

mirror and air
discolored area, cavitation or no visible changes

Question 8

image examination of caries

Answer 8

demineralization and destruction of hard tooth structures result in loss of tooth density in the area of the lesion
radiolucent

Question 9

radiographic examination of caries

Answer 9

bite-wings are the top choice for caries evaluation
periapical image using paralleling technique
hoirzontal angle is critical

Question 10

factors influencing caries diagnosis

Answer 10

images must be diagnostic quality
improper horizontal angulation on bite-wing image
errors in exposure with improper contrast and density

Question 11

interproximal caries

Answer 11

typically assumes a triangular configuration
when it reaches the DEJ, it spreads laterally and progresses through dentin

Question 12

occlusal caries

Answer 12

clinical exam is the method of choice
superimposition of the dense buccal and lingual enamel cusps
only be seen on radiograph if there is involvement of or beyond the DEJ

Question 13

buccal and lingual caries

Answer 13

best detected clinically
cannot determine depth or surface on radiograph
appears as a small, circular radiolucent area

Question 14

root surface caries

Answer 14

appears as a cupped-out or crater-shaped radiolucency below the CEJ
early lesions may be difficult to detect on a dental image
bone loss and gingival recession precede the root caries

Question 15

recurrent caries

Answer 15

occurs adjacent to an existing restoration
radiolucent area just beneath a restoration
occurs because of inadequate cavity preparation, defective margins, or incomplete removal of caries before place of the restoration
most often located beneath the interproximal margins of a restoration

Question 16

rampant caries

Answer 16

advanced and severe caries affecting numerous teeth
means growing or spreading
seen in children with poor diets or adults with decreased salivary flow

Question 17

radiation caries

Answer 17

found in patients who have had head/neck radiation therapy and have xerostomia
fluoride is essential for prevention/control of this type of carious lesions

Question 18

code 0: sound tooth surfaces

Answer 18

no evidence of caries after air drying
differential diagnosis: milf fluorosis, non-fluoride opacities

Question 19

situations marked as code 0

Answer 19

stains, consistent with habits such as drinking tea or coffee
developmental defects without signs of caries
staining around a restoration margin that is not associated with caries
non-carious marginal defects less than 0.5 mm wide

Question 20

code 1: initial stage

Answer 20

first visual change in enamel: opacity when air dried
can only be seen with air drying (if seen without drying, it is a higher code)

Question 21

code 1 caries: radiographically

Answer 21

incipient interproximal caries extends less than halfway through the thickness of enamel
incipient lesion is seen only in enamel
cone shaped radiolucent area

Question 22

code 2: initial stage

Answer 22

distinct change in enamel
lesion visible wet or dry
lesions will be white or brown
does not involve the DEJ

Question 23

code 2 radiographically

Answer 23

lesions have a radiolucency extending into the inner half of the enamel
may or may not include the DEJ
more than halfway through enamel

Question 24

code 1 and 2 initial stage occlusal caries

Answer 24

incipient occlusal caries cannot be seen on a dental image
it must be detected with an explorer and/or air

Question 25

code 3: moderate lesions

Answer 25

localized enamel breakdown due to caries with no visible dentin
when wet, lesions appear opaque or dis-coloured and are wider than the natural fissure or fossa
ball-ended probe can confirm micro-cavitation

Question 26

code 3 localized enamel breakdown

Answer 26

broken through the DEJ
effects enamel and dentin
may appear clinically as a cavitation

Question 27

code 3 moderate radiographically

Answer 27

radiolucency has broken through the DEJ but is limited to the outer 1/3 of dentin

Question 28

code 4 radiographically

Answer 28

radiolucency reaches the middle 1/3 of dentin

Question 29

code 3 and 4 occlusal caries

Answer 29

extends into the dentin
appears as a thin radiolucency located under the enamel
little or no radiographic change is noted in enamel

Question 30

code 5: extensive decay

Answer 30

cavitation in opaque or dis-coloured enamel exposing the dentin
caries extends less than halfway through the dentin
no pulpal exposure
affects both enamel and dentin
may appear clinically

Question 31

code 5: extensive decay radiographs

Answer 31

lesions have a radiolucency in the inner 1/3 of dentin

Question 32

code 6 extensive decay

Answer 32

visible dentin involving at least half of the tooth surface and/or the pulp
at least half of the tooth surface or the pulp will be involved
marginal ridge may not be present

Question 33

code 6 extends through

Answer 33

enamel and dentin more than half the distance toward the pulp
involves both enamel and dentin and may appear clinically as a cavitation in the tooth

Question 34

code 5 and 6 occlusal caries

Answer 34

extends into dentin
appears as a large radiolucency
extends under the enamel of occlusal surface
appears clinically as a cavitation

Question 35

cervical burnout

Answer 35

decreased x-ray absorption in the areas in question
appears as collar-shaped or wedge-shaped area between CEJ and alveolar bone
tissue at CEJ is less dense than the regions above and below it
similar appearance to root caries

Question 36

cervical burnout areas appear as

Answer 36

invagination of the proximal root surfaces allow more x-rays to pass through this area, resulting in a more radiolucent appearance known as cervical burnout