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Radiology > Radiology Chapter 5&6 > Flashcards

Radiology Chapter 5&6 Flashcards

1
Q

symptoms of the short-term radiation effects after a massive dose of ionizing radiation

A

Acute radiation syndrome (ARS)

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2
Q

Adopted as a culture and attitude by professionals who work with ionizing radiation to minimize radiation exposure and risks

A

ALARA

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3
Q

the theory that radiation-exposed tissues accrue damage and may function at a diminished capacity with each repeated exposure

A

cumulative effect

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4
Q

when the severity of the change is dependent on the dose

A

deterministic effect

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5
Q

states that cell damage results when ionizing radiation directly hits critical areas within the cell

A

direct theory

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6
Q

graph produced when radiation dose and the resultant biological response are plotted

A

dose response curve

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7
Q

cells contained within the testes and ovaries, containing the genes

A

genetic cells

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8
Q

radiation effect that is passed on to future generations

A

genetic effect

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9
Q

change in the genetic material of a cell that passes from one generation to another

A

genetic mutation

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10
Q

states that cell damage results indirectly when x-rays cause the formation of toxins in the cell such as hydrogen peroxide. Toxins in turn cause the cell damage
formation of ion pairs

A

indirect theory

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11
Q

formation of ion pairs

A

ionization

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12
Q

the exposure of an object or a person to radiation. Term can be applied to radiations of various wavelengths, such as infrared rays, ultraviolet rays, x-rays, and gamma rays

A

irradiation

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13
Q

: following exposure to radiation, injury that results in damage that is not repaired during the recovery period. May give rise to later long-term effects of radiation exposure

A

irreparable injury

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14
Q

: the time between exposure to radiation and the first clinically observable symptoms. Latent means hidden

A

latent period

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15
Q

states that the radiosensitivity of cells and tissues is directly proportional to their reproductive capacity and inversely proportional to their degree of differentiation

A

law of B and T

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16
Q

amount of radiation that is sufficient to cause the death of an organism

A

lethal dose

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17
Q

a graph showing the relationship between the dose of exposure and the response of the tissues, indicating that any amount of radiation, no matter how small, has the potential to cause a biological response

A

nonthreshold dose response curve

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18
Q

radiation-induced changes that follow the latent period

A

period of injury

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19
Q

ionization can dissociate water within a cell into hydrogen and hydroxyl radicals that have the potential to recombine into new chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide. These new chemicals act as toxins to the body, causing cellular dysfunction. Considered an indirect effect of radiation exposure

A

radiolysis of water

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20
Q

refers to a substance or tissue that is not easily injured by ionizing radiation

A

radioresistant

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21
Q

refers to a substance or tissue that is relatively susceptible to injury by ionizing radiation

A

radiosensitive

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22
Q

period following exposure to radiation, where some healing can take place

A

recovery period

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23
Q

the chance or likelihood of adverse effects or death resulting from exposure to a hazard

A

risk

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24
Q

any body cells except the reproductive cells

A

somatic cells

25
Q

when radiation affects all body cells except the reproductive cells

A

somatic effect

26
Q

when a biological response is based on the probability of occurrence rather than the severity of the change

A

stochastic effect

27
Q

a graph showing the relationship between the dose of exposure and the response of the tissues, indicating that there is a “threshold” amount of radiation, below which no biological response would be expected

A

threshold dose response curve

28
Q

Inventors of Law of B and T

A

Bergonie and Tribondeau

29
Q

radiosensitive cells from high sensitivity to low sensitivity

A 
white blood cells (lymphocytes)
red blood cells (erythrocytes)
immature reproductive cells
epithelial cells
connective tissue cells
bone cells
nerve cells
brain cells
muscle cells
30
Q

somatic effect occurs when

A

biological change/damage occurs in irradiated individual, not passed to offspring

31
Q

genetic effect describes

A

changes in hereditary material does not effect irradiated individual, but future generations

32
Q

factors that determine radiation injuries

A 
total dose
dose rate
area exposed
variation in species
individual sensitivity
variation in cell sensitivity
variation in tissue sensitivity
age
33
Q

critical tissues for dental radiography in head and neck region

A

mandible (red bone marrow)
lens of eye
thyroid gland
possibly the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid combination

34
Q

studies of occupational workers exposed to chronic low levels of radiation have shown

A

no adverse biological effect

35
Q

x-rays ionize water, resulting in

A

formation of free radicals, which recombine to form toxins

36
Q

many body cells (somatic cells) have a recovery rate of

A

almost 75% during the first 24 hours

37
Q

determining whether or not an exposure is potentially harmful, a radiographer should consider

A

the quantity and the duration of exposure and which body area to be irradiated

38
Q

genetic cells cannot

A

repair themselves

39
Q

the primary cause of biological damage from radiation is

A

ionization

40
Q

direct injury from radiation occurs when the x-ray photons

A

strike critical cell molecules

41
Q

indirect injury from radiation occurs when the x-ray photons

A

ionize water and form toxins

42
Q

according to the law of B and T, cells with a high reproductive rate are described as

A

radiosensitive

43
Q

what cells are most radiosensitive?

A

white blood cells

44
Q

what cells are most radioresistant?

A

muscle cells

45
Q

when the effect of radiation exposure is observed in the offspring of an irradiated person, but not in the irradiated person, this is called the

A

genetic effect

46
Q

a dose response curve indicating that any amount of radiation, no matter how small, has the potential to cause a biological response is called

A

nonthreshold

47
Q

ALARA stand for

A

as low as reasonably achievable

48
Q

five possible biological responses of an irradiated cell

A

o Nothing-the cell is unaffected by the exposure
o Cell is injured or damaged but repairs itself and functions at preexposure levels
o Cell dies, but is replaced through normal biological processes
o Cell is injured or damaged, repairs itself, but now functions at a reduced level
o Cell is injured or damaged and repairs itself incorrectly or abnormally, resulting in a biophysical change (tumor or malignancy)

49
Q

according to the factors that determine radiation injury based on age, a _____________ year old is most radiosensitive

A

6 year old

50
Q

sequence of events following radiation exposure

A

latent period
period of injury
recovery period

51
Q

when a biological response is based on the probability of occurrence rather than the severity of the change it is called

A

a stochastic effect

52
Q

what is considered a short term outcome following radiation exposure

A

acute radiation syndrome

53
Q

full term, low birth weight is possibly associated with radiation exposure to

A

thyroid gland
hypothalamus
pituitary gland

54
Q

During exposure of an intraoral dental radiograph, approximately how much smaller is the dose of radiation in the gonadal area than at the surface of the face?

A

0.0001

55
Q

not considered critical for dental radiography

A

spinal cord

56
Q

the potential risk of a full mouth dental x-ray examination inducing cancer to a patient has been estimated to be

A

2.5 per 1,000,000 examinations

57
Q

term that best expresses comparisons between dental radiation exposure and natural background exposure

A

effective dose equivalent

58
Q

the cornerstone of all healthcare professions

A

continuing education

Radiology (6 decks)

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