Radiology Flashcards
injuries that can be sustained during birthing process
extracalvarial bleeding: cephalhematoma and caput succadaneum
soft, fluctuant mass or swelling of the scalp located in middle and posterior parietal regions and occiput
cephalhematoma
t/f incision and drainage is done in cephalhematoma
false, due to risk of infection
uniform thickening of the scalp that crosses the calvarial sutures
caput succadaneum
differential diagnosis for caput succadaneum
cranium meningocoele: (+) pulsations, (+) baby cries when pressure is applied
origin location and shape of epidural hematomas
o: arterial
l: above the dura
s: elliptical/lentiform/biconvex (lemon)
location of epidural hemorrhages in relation to tentorium cerebelli and regions of the brain
tc: 95% supratentorial
regions: 60% temporoparietal, 20% frontal, 20% parieto-occipital
origin location and shape of subdural hematoma
o: dural vessels
l: beneath the dura
s: crescentic (banana)
t/f ct scan is more requested than mri for hematomas
true
t/f subdural hematomas are limited by sutures
false
subdural hematomas are related to __
increased pressure in the brain
origin and location of subarachnoid hematomas
o: pia and arachnoid arteries
l: between arachnoid and inner leptomeningeal, collects within the falx and brain sulci
intracranial hemorrhage in the premature infant is secondary to
hypoxia and prematurity (common in <35 aog and <1500 g)
origin of ih in premature
subependymal germinal matrix of choroid plexus of lateral ventricles
classification of intracranial hemorrhage
read
t/f mri has twice the sensitivity of uts in detecting germinal matrix hemorrhage and intraventricular hemorrhage
true
what lesion has well circumscribed hypodensity with hyerdense margins, shifted structures, and enhancement of periphery with contrast?
abscess or empyema
ct scans that show enhancements of sulci, similar to subarachnoid hemorrhage
meningitis
how to distinguish meningitis and subarachnoid hemorrhage
contrast material needed for meningitis
causes of hydrocephalus
obstruction to the flow of csf
faulty absorption of csf
excessive fluid production
communicating vs non communicating hydrocephalus
communicating: outside ventricles
non-communicating: within ventricles
etiologies of congenital hydrocephalus
torch (toxoplasmosis, others, rubella, cmv, herpes)
congenital aqueductal stenosis
dandy walker cyst
intracranial tumors
etiologies of acquired hydrocephalus
infections, hemorrhage, tumors
ttn is not a disease and is secondary to ___
absence of squeezing of the thorax, apparent after 2-4 hours and resloves after 24-48 hrs
radiologic findings in ttn
- fine perihilar streak opacities
- minimal coarse reticular opacities in the inner lung zones
t/f ttn doesn’t need a repeat xray after symptoms subside
false, need to check if it resolved spontaneously
t/f bacterial pneumonia is smore aggressive than viral
true
radiologic findings in bacterial pneumonia
- coarse, patchy parenchymal densities or peribronchial opacities
- (+) consolidations
- (+) air bronchograms
- (+) pleural effusion
radiologic findings in viral pneumonia
radiating parahilar streakiness
diffuse, hazy or reticulonodular opacities in both lungs
old name for surfactant deficiency disease
hyaline membrane disease or rds
radiologic findings in surfactant deficiency disease
ground glass opacities on both lungs
t/f surfactant deficiency disease doesnt need an xray before administration of surfactsnt
false, needs xray because surfactant is expensive
differential diagnosis for hyaline membrane disease
congenital heart lesions manifesting with pronounced pulmonary venous obstruction
a hypoxia induced vagal response that results in increased gi peristaltic activity, more seen in postmature infants
meconium aspiration syndrome
radiologic findings in meconium aspiration syndrome
lung overaeration
bilateral nodular densities
congenital lobar overinflation is secondary to ___
segmental bronchial cartilage underdevelopment
on pe, congenital lobar overinflation is seen as __
hyperresonant hemithorax
radiologic findings in congenital lobar overinflation
40-45% left upper lobe, 30% right middle lobe, 20% right upper lobe
- lobe is overdistended and lucent
- shifting of mediastinum to contralateral side of involved lobe
examples of active congestion
left to right shunts = reduced co = decreased tissue oxygenation
lesions with preferential blood flow to lower pressure pulmonary circulation
passive congestion is seen in cases of pulmonary venous hypertension such as
left side myocardial dysfunction
left side obstructive lesions
how to distinguish increased vs normal pulmonary vascularity
increased: hyperdensities in inner lung zones
what happens in decreased pulmonary vascularity
r-l shunt -> less blood flow to lungs -> decreased tissue oxygenation -> cyanosis
cxr: pulmonary oligemia (cannot see pulmo vessels)
radiographic findings in tof
boot shaped heart, upturned cardiac apex due to rvh
shop for a tof
most common cause of cyanosis, common within first 24 hrs of life
toga: egg on a string
modality of choice for hydronephrosis
uts
findings in congenital megacalyces
- enlargement of the calyces
- kidneys large for age
classifications of renal cystic disease
1: infantile polycystic
2: multicystic dysplastic
3: adult polycystic
4: cortical cysts with obstructive hydronephrosis
most common renal neoplasm in childhood but not in neonates
wilm’s tumor
benign and malignant forms of wilm’s tumor
benign: renal blastoma
malignant: rhabdoid form
most common renal tumor of the neonate
benign fetal mesoblastic nephroma
imaging modality of choice for transient esophageal hypotonia of the neonate
esophagogram
presentation of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
vomiting, regurgitation, difficulty feeding, NO BILE IN VOMITUS 2-8 weeks after birth
palpable lesion at epigastric area
modality of choice for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
uts
gastric volvulus is associated with
diaphragmatic hernia (stomach appears distended and inverted)
most common gastric tumor in neonates
gastric teratoma: mass lesion with calcifications (any modality)
presentation of duodenal atresia/stenosis
vomiting in the first hours of life, WITH BILE
finding: double bubble sign
findings in small bowel atresia
- multiple air fluid levels
- “soap bubble” appearance / triple bubble
presentation of meconium plug syndrome
abdominal distention, vomiting, no meconium
multiple dilated bowel loops and multiple filling defects
most affected part of Hirschsprung disease
distal colon (rectum or rectosigmoid)
finding: affected bowel small, dilated proximally
etiologic factors for nec
intestinal ischemia or hypoperfusion
bacterial overgrowth
continued irritation of bowel by oral feedings
findings in nec
intestinal distention*
air in bowel wall
air in portal tracts
pneumoperitoneum
