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BDS4 EXAM PREP > radiology > Flashcards

radiology Flashcards

1
Q

justification

A

all exposure must benefit pt and/or provide new infor to aid management/dx that cannot be obtained otherwise

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2
Q

optimisation

A

ALARP
as
low
as
reasonably
practicable

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3
Q

dose limitation

A

for radiation workers and members of public

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4
Q

3 key principles of radiation exposure

A

justification
optimisation
dose limitation

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5
Q

methods of dose reduction

A

collimation (rectangular)
fast film speed (E speed or faster)
long FSD (20cm)
60-70keV
beam diameter no greater than 60mm

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6
Q

radiation protection supervisor

A

ensure regulation and trainig are followed

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7
Q

radiation protection advisor

A

advises n risk, regulations, training, quality etc

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8
Q

employer

IRMER 2017

A

legal protection, safety, make sure equipment in line with IRR17 and staff following regulations

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9
Q

referrer

A

check pt demographics and clinical justification of radiograph, trained

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10
Q

practitioner

A

justifies exposure
Benefit Vs Risk
check no recent relevant radiographs

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11
Q

operator

A

ALARP, takes exposure, processes and reports

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12
Q

IRMER2017

A

ionising radiation medical exposures regulation 2017

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13
Q

IRR2017

A

ionising radiation regulations

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14
Q

paralleling Vs bisecting angle

A

Paralleling → No contact but object and receptor are parallel and beam perpendicular to receptor.
Bisecting angle → In contact but not parallel and beam perpendicular to receptor.

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15
Q

why should you report radiographs

A

medico legal - IRMER 2017
records
audit

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16
Q

6 safety features

A
  • controlled area
  • warning sign for controlled area
  • sign lights up when equipment on and during exposure
  • exposure when continous pressure only
  • exposure stops automatically
  • emergency stop button
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17
Q

characteristics of ghost image

A

higher
opposite side
larger/wider

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18
Q

comptom scatter effect on image

A

fogs and decreases image quality due to x-ray hitter outer electroms and losing direction and energy

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19
Q

photoelectric effect on image

A

complete absorption giving a white imahge as does not reach film

normal

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20
Q

metal in X-ray tube head

A

lead - absrobs x-rays
copper
tungsten
aluminium

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21
Q

erros in OPT
anteriors distorted

A

pt not in focal plane

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22
Q

errors in OPT
blurry image

A

pt moved during exposure

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23
Q

errors in OPT
image too wide

A

canine guide set in front of canines

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24
Q

how can positioning erros in OPT be limited

A

use guides - chin rests, bite block, hand rests, guide lights for frankfort plane (paralell to floor) and canines line

ask pt to stay still and tongue to roof of mouth

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25
Q

developmental bone pathology

2

A

tori
fibrous dysplasia

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26
Q

inflammatory bone pathology

2

A

dry socket
osteomyelitis

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27
Q

neoplasam bone pathology

2

A

osteoma
osteosarcoma

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28
Q

metabolic bone diseases

A

osteoporosis
osteomalacia
Paget’s
giant cell lesion?

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29
Q

high risk radiograph frequency

A

6months

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30
Q

moderate risk radiograph frequency

A

12 months

31
Q

low risk radiograph frequency

A

18-24months

32
Q

radiographic image defintion

A

Pictorial representation of body part. Record of the pattern of attenuation of x-ray beam after it has passed through matter

33
Q

binding energy

A

Additional energy required to exceed electrostatic force. Energy required to remove electrons from a shell

34
Q

xray beam intensity

A

Quantity of photon energy passing through cross-sectional area of beam per unit time

35
Q

how are xrays produced

A

Deceleration of fast moving electrons (electrons fired at atoms at high speeds, collide and decelerate)

36
Q

components of xray tube head

A

Filament,
transformer,
target,
target surround,
evacuated glass envelope,
shielding (lead),
filtration (aluminium),
collimator (lead),
spacer cone

37
Q

attenutaion

A

Reduction in number of photons within the beam

  • No attenuation (black image) - photons pass through object unaltered and all photons reach the film
  • Partial attenuation (grey image) - photons change direction, losing energy (scatter and absorption)
  • Complete attenuation (white image) - photon stopped, losing all energy within tissue (absorption)
38
Q

difference between low and high tube pf (kVp) and what we use

A

Low tube pd - increases photoelectric interactions, contrast and absorbed dose (better image, but more dose to pt)
High tube pd - decreases photoelectric interactions, contrast and absorbed dose (poorer image but less dose to pt)

60-70kVp - for diagnostic quality but compromise in not too much radiation to pt

39
Q

characteristic spectrum

A

electron collides with inner shell electron, target electron displaced to outer shell/completely lost from atom, orbiting electrons re-arrange to fill vacant orbital slot

40
Q

continuous specturm

A

electron passes close to nucleus of atom and is decelerated and deflected, amount of deceleration and deflection proportional to energy loss

41
Q

photoelectric effect

A

Complete absorption/attenuation. X-ray photon interacts with inner shell electron, photon energy just greater than binding energy. Photon disappears, as energy used to overcome electron binding energy. Electron ejected and difference in energy emitted as light/heat, outer void filled by free electron. Complete absorption of photon energy

inc by
* Thicker object,
* lower photon energy,
* object has high atomic number

42
Q

photoelectric effect

A

Complete absorption/attenuation. X-ray photon interacts with inner shell electron, photon energy just greater than binding energy. Photon disappears, as energy used to overcome electron binding energy. Electron ejected and difference in energy emitted as light/heat, outer void filled by free electron. Complete absorption of photon energy

inc by
* Thicker object,
* lower photon energy,
* object has high atomic number

43
Q

compton scatter

A

X-ray photon interacts with loosely bound outer shell electron. Photon energy&raquo_space; binding energy, electron ejected and colliding photon has lower energy (deflected and scattered) and can continuing interacting. Atom stabilised through free electron capture

Scattered photons produced before image scattered backwards; scattered photons produced after image scattered backwards and darken/fog image
* prevented by Lead film packets, collimation

44
Q

blue film holder

A

ant PA

45
Q

yellow film holder

A

posterior PA

46
Q

red film holder

A

bitewings

47
Q

green film holder

A

endo

48
Q

true occlusal

A

90 degrees to mandible (paralleling technique)

bony pathology

49
Q

oblique occlusal
indications

A

pathology too large for PA/ or not possible
trauma
localisation using parallax

50
Q

centring points for oblique occlusal

A

maxilla - 1cm above ala-tragal line
mandible - through lower border

51
Q

indications for OPT

A

orthodontics - developing dentition
developmental and acquired anomalies
caries, pulpal and perio disease
pathological jaw lension
surgery
trauma (mandible fractures)

52
Q

limitations of OPT

A

width of layer in focus
horizontal distortion
long exposure time
big shoulders
positioning difficulties (severe malocclulion, extremes of age, obese)

53
Q

key planes for OPT

A

mid-saggital plane - perpendicular to floor
frankfrot plane - horizontal to floor
canine lines - go through upper canine

54
Q

focal trough

A

layer in the pt containing structures of interest that are demonstrated with sufficient resolution to make them recognisable
structures at other depths are not clearly seen

55
Q

lateral cephalometry

A

standardised and reproducible radiographic forms of the skull and facial bones
gives a lateral view of facial bones, base of skull and upper C spine
soft tissue profiles are alwso seen

enables measures of dental and skeletal relationships

56
Q

mandible # view

A

OPT and PA mandible

57
Q

middle third face fractures
views

A

occipitomental

58
Q

zygomatic arch fractures
views

A

submentovertex

59
Q

best view for facial fractures (supersedes rest)

A

CBCT

60
Q

benefit of CBCT

A

3D representation of structures of interest
can be views in different planes

61
Q

CBCT vs CT

A

faster and reduced dose

CT is line detector where CBCT is flat panel

62
Q

indications for CBCT

A

jaw/face fracturees
implant planning
pathology - cysts, tumours
impacted teeth
orthognathic surgery
clefts

63
Q

parallax

A

apparent change in position of an object caused by a real change in the position of the observer

64
Q

rule for parallax

A

SLOB - same lingual opposite buccal
my PAL moves with me

object being localised moves in same direct as the tube shift then object is lingual/palatal to fixed reference point

65
Q

stages in chemical processing

5

A

Development,
rinse,
fixation,
washing,
drying

66
Q

components of xray

A

Outer plastic cover,
black/white paper,
film,
patterned lead foil,
raised dot

67
Q

digital
pros
cons

A

pros
* image enhancement
* dose reduction
* immediate image
* no wet processing/chemicals
* constant image quality - if equip maintained

cons
* cost
* large size

68
Q

differences between differeing digital IO sensors

A

CCD - direct link to computer. Sensor thick and not very flexible, not sensitive to light

PSP - latent image stored after exposure, laser scanning causes light emission, conversion to electronic signal. Variable room light sensitivity, handling similar to film, plate relatively flexible

69
Q

ultrasoud

A

no ionising radiation.

indications
* Salivary gland pathology,
* USgFNA/USgFNB,
* cervical lymphadenopathy

70
Q

sialography

indications

A

obstruction, stricture of ducts

71
Q

MRI
indications

A

soft tissue analysis, perineurial spread, bone invasion, marrow changes

72
Q

CT
indications

A

bony substances, bony changes, joints, jaw fractures

73
Q

PET-CT indication

A

18-FDG injected and attracted to metabolically active tissues. Tumours of unknown origin/primary

BDS4 EXAM PREP (25 decks)

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