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NBDHE May 2022 > Radiology > Flashcards

Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

Ionization

A

Process by which an atom gains or loses an electron to become charged

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2
Q

Particulate Radiation

A

involves particles that have a mass and travel in a straight line at high speed

cannot reach the speed of light

may have a charge

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3
Q

Electromagnetic Radiation

A

electric and magnetic fields of energy that move through space in waves

only high energy waves have ionizing capacity

travels at the speed of light and has no mass or charge

ie. x-rays

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4
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance between peaks of one wave to another

Measures energy of the radiation

longer wavelength = low frequency = low energy

shorter wavelength = high frequency = high energy

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5
Q

Transformer

A

Regulates energy in a circuit

can be step-up or step-down or autotransformer

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6
Q

Ampere

A

Number of electrons flowing

measured in miliamperage

Quantity of the beam

Increases density

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7
Q

Voltage

A

force that moves electrons

measured in kVp (peak voltage of an alternating current)

determines speed and penetrating power

Quality of the beam

increases density

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8
Q

Cathode

A

NEGATIVE CHARGE

controlled by mA

tungsten filament: emits e- when heated

molybdenum cup: focuses e- in a narrow beam pointed at anode

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9
Q

Anode

A

POSITIVE CHARGE

controlled by kVp

  • Tungsten target: spot where e- hit to produce xrays
  • Focal spot: x-rays from cathode are directed here
  • Copper stem: dissipate excess heat
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10
Q

Which way do x-rays flow?

A

Cathode to Anode

(dont PANIC)

Positive anode, negative cathode

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11
Q

Tube Head

A

Contains transformers and insulating oil

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12
Q

Position-Indicating Device

(PID)

A

lined with a metal layer to direct x-ray beam

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13
Q

Primary Radiation

A

Photos directed at target

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14
Q

Secondary Radiation

A

AKA Scatter radiation

Radiation reflecting off object

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15
Q

Compton Scatter

A

Most x-ray interactions with matter

Ionization occurs

A photon interacts with an outer shell e-

Photon loses e-

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16
Q

Photoelectric Effect

A

about ⅓rd of interactions

photon interacts with inner shell e-

ionization occurs

photon is absorbed and e- is ejected

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17
Q

Coherent Scatter

A

8% of x-ray interactions

photons interact with an outer shell e-, matter is not altered

photons continue to travel with no loss of energy

ionization DOES NOT occur

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18
Q

Standard vs SI Units

A

MEASUREMENT OLD UNITS SI UNITS

Exposure in air Roentgen Coulomb/Kg

Absorbed dose Rad Gray (Gr)

Dose equivalent Rem Sievert (Sv)

*1 Sv = 100 rem

1 Gy = 100 rad

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19
Q

Direct Theory

A
  • radiation damages the protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and DNA molecule of a cell and causes cell death
  • Accounts for ⅓rd of biological damage
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20
Q

Indirect Theory

A
  • Radiation interacts with water in cells and produces free radicals (H and OH)
  • these free radicals are very unstable and can bond to form toxic compounds (H2O2)
  • Accounts for ⅔rds of radiation damage
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21
Q

Somatic vs Genetic Effect

A

Somatic effect occurs when somatic (non-sex cells) are harmed by radiation

Genetic effect occurs when sex-cells are harmed by radiation, affecting future offspring

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22
Q

Stochastic Effect

A

Probability of occurrence increases with dose but severity is not dependant on dose

Effects are random

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23
Q

Non-Stochastic Effect

A

AKA Deterministic effect

severity of damage depends on the dose

predictable effects

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24
Q

Inherent Filtration

A

glass tube

oil

0.5-2mm aluminum

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25
Q

Added Filtration

A

depends on kVp used

>70kVp =2.5mm of aluminum

<70kVp=1.5mm of aluminum

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26
Q

Collimation

A

Metal barrier with an aperture that restricts the size and shape of x-ray beam

Rectangular collimation exposes 60% less than a round PID

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27
Q

Fast Film

A

F-Speed film produces 60% less radiation exposure

Digital receptors are about twice as fast as E-speed film

faster film has larger silver halide crystals which may lower the quality of the image

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28
Q

Intensifying Screens

A

Screens coated in phosphors

phosphors convert photon energy into visible light photons

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29
Q

ALARA

A

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

exposure should be kept to a minimum and radiographs should be prescribed as needed on an individual basis

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30
Q

Dosimeter

A

film badge that measures exposure to radiation. Worn at waist level

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31
Q

Maximum Permissible Dose

(MPD)

A

dose of radiation NOT expected to produce any significant radiation effects

MPD for an occupational person: 5rem/year or 50mSv/year

MPD for a non-occupational person: 10% less than above (0.5rem/year or 5mSv/year)

Maximum Accumulated Dose = 5rem x N - 18, where N=age

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32
Q

Inverse Square Law

A

the intensity of a beam at any given point is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the source

*invert the squared number only if the source is farther

eg. 2x farther; the beam is ¼x as intense

3x closer; the beam is 9x as intense

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33
Q

Density

A

Darkness of an xray

proportional to exposure time, mA, and kVp

NOTE: time and mA are inversely related

ie. if time is increased, mA must be decreased and vice versa

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34
Q

Contrast

A

difference between lighter and darker shades of grey on a radiograph

dependant on kVp

high/low scale contrast: black and white

low/high scale contrast: many shades of grey

best for detecting caries

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35
Q

Sharpness

&

Penumbra

A

Sharpness can be increased when focal spot is small and object to receptor distance is short

Penumbra: blurred structures on a radiograph

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36
Q

Fix the error:

Overlap

A

change horizontal angulation

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37
Q

Fix the error:

Elongation

A

caused by underangulation

therefore increase the angulation

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38
Q

Fix the error:

Foreshortening

A

caused by overangulation

therefore decrease the angulation

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39
Q

Bisecting Technique

A

film is placed as close to the teeth as possible

central ray is directed perpendicular to an imaginary plane that bisects the angle between the film and teeth

40
Q

Paralleling Technique

A

Film is parallel to long axis of tooth,

central ray is directed perpendicular to film

41
Q

Occlusal Radiographic Technique

A

Mandibular: negative 55° vertical angulation, central rays directed through chin

Maxillary: positive 65° vertical angulation, central rays directed through tip of nose

42
Q

SLOB Rule

A

Same Lingual Opposite Buccal

2 images compared

Tube head and object moved in the same direction ⇒ object is located lingually

Tube head and object moved in the opposite direction ⇒ object is located buccally

43
Q

Identify the Error

A

Patients chin is tipped up too high

44
Q

Identify the Error

A

Patients chin is tipped too low

45
Q

Identify the Error

A

Patients tongue isnt at roof of mouth

46
Q

Identify the Error

A

Patient is too far forward

47
Q

Identify the Errors (2)

A
  1. Patients back is hunched
  2. Patient is too far back
48
Q

Identify the Error

A

Lead apron artifact

49
Q

Processing Film:

Developing (4 parts)

A

5 minutes at 68°F

  • Reducing Agent: hydroquinone or elon - reduces exposed silver halide crystals into black metallic silver
  • Alkalizer: sodium carbonate - softens film emulsion and speeds up action
  • Restrainer: potassium bromide - inhibits development of unexposed silver halide crystals
  • Preservative: sodium sulfite - a preservative that prevents oxidation
50
Q

Processing Film:

Rinsing

A

Dilutes the developer and slows development process

removes alkali activator

30 seconds in running water

51
Q

Processing Film:

Fixing (4)

A

10 minutes OR twice developing time

  • Fixing agent: sodium thiosulfate - clears unexposed silver halide crystals
  • Hardener: potassium alum - shrinks and hardens emulsions
  • Acidifier: acetic acid - keeps medium acidic and stops additional development
  • Preservative: sodium sulfite - prevents oxidation
52
Q

Processing Films:

Washing

A

Wash in running water for 10 mins and set to dry

Ensures removal of thiosulfate ions

53
Q

Automatic Processing

A

Developer, fixer, water, drying chamber

Developing solution works at higher temperatures more rapidly

54
Q

Processing Errors:

Film Too Dark

A

Too much development time

Temperature too high

55
Q

Processing Errors:

Film Too Light

A

Not enough development solution

Temperature too low

Exhausted developer solution

56
Q

Processing Errors:

Cracked Emulsion

A

Sudden temperature change between developer and fixer

57
Q

Processing Errors:

Darker Areas

A

Developer solution touches film before processing procedure

58
Q

Processing Errors:

Lighter Areas

A

Fixing solution touches film before processing procedure

59
Q

Processing Errors:

Yellow/Brown Stains

A

exhausted solutions

insufficient washing

60
Q

Processing Errors:

Straight White Boarders

A

developer cutoff caused by incomplete immersion in developer

61
Q

Processing Errors:

Straight Black Boarder

A

fixer cutoff caused by incomplete immersion in fixer

62
Q

Processing Errors:

Outline of Another Film

A

Films stuck together in solutions

63
Q

Processing Errors:

White Spots

A

air bubbles trapped during processing

64
Q

Processing Errors:

Thin, Black, Branchlike Lines

A

static caused by opening film too quickly and low humidity

65
Q

Processing Errors:

Fogged Film

A

improper safelight

light leaking into darkroom

outdated film

66
Q
A

Incisive Foramen

67
Q
A

Nasal Septum

68
Q
A

Nasal Spine

69
Q
A

Maxillary Sinus

70
Q
A

Inverted Y

71
Q
A

Nutrient Canals

72
Q
A

Mental Ridge

73
Q
A

Coronoid Process

74
Q
A

Maxillary Tuberosity

75
Q
A

Lingual Foramen

76
Q
A

Zygomatic Process

77
Q
A

Mandibular Canal

78
Q
A

External Oblique Ridge

79
Q

Restoration Type?

A

Amalgam Restoration

80
Q

Restoration Type?

A

Gold Crown

81
Q

Restoration Type?

A

Retention Pins

82
Q

Restoration Type?

A

Gutta Percha

83
Q

Restoration Type?

A

Silver Point

84
Q
A

Composite Restorations

85
Q

Restoration Type?

A

Porcelain Crown

86
Q

Restoration Type?

A

Implant

87
Q

Identify the Pathology

A

Odontoma

  • most common tumor
  • tx: curettage
    • no recurrence
88
Q

Identify the Pathology

A

Ameloblastoma

  • most common clinical odontogenic tumor
  • Soap-bubble appearance
  • Asymptomatic
  • 30-70y/o
  • tx: enucleation and curettage; high recurrence after curettage only
  • Can metastasize and become lethal
89
Q

Identify the Pathology

A

Cemento-osseous Dysplasia

  • periapical, anterior mandible
  • asymptomatic
  • may be confused with simple bone cyst
90
Q

Identify the Pathology

A

Condensing Osteitis

  • AKA focal sclerosis
  • widening of PDL
  • tx: ext or endo therapy
91
Q

Identify the Pathology

A

Pagets Disease

  • abnormal resorption and deposition of bone
  • idiopathic
  • “cotton wool” radiograph appearance
  • tx: suppression of bone resorption and deposition (bisphosphonates)
92
Q

Identify the Pathology

A

Radicular Cyst/ Periapical Cyst

  • NON-VITAL tooth
  • tx: RCT, apicoectomy, EXT with curettage
93
Q

Identify the Pathology

A

Dentigerous Cyst

  • around the crown of an impacted tooth
94
Q

Identify the Pathology

A

Odontogenic Keratocyst

  • *highest recurrence rate
  • arises from dental lamina
  • 60-80% of cases on mandibular
  • tx: enucleation or curettage
95
Q

Identify the Pathology

A

Lateral Periodontal Cyst

  • well-circumscribed
  • Asymptomatic
  • 75-80% in mand
  • recurrence is unusual
  • lateral to roots of vital teeth
  • tx: enucleation
96
Q

Identify the Pathology

A

Globulomaxillary Cyst

  • fusion of medial nasal process with maxillary process
  • epithelium becomes trapped during fusion
  • between max cuspid and incisor
  • inverted pear shape
97
Q

Identify the Pathology

A

Nasopalatine Duct Cyst

  • heart shape
  • most common non-odontogenic cyst of oral cavity*
  • anterior midline of maxilla
  • symptoms include swelling and pain, may be asymptomatic
  • tx: surgical enucleation with biopsy (not diagnosed radiographically)
  • Recurrence is rare

NBDHE May 2022 (12 decks)

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