Radiography Recall 2

Question 1

How do you control the amount of distortion that is seen on xray?

Answer 1

following the “basic” rules

1. the long axis of part is parallel to long axis of IR
2. the CR is perpendicular to the part and IR
3. the center of the part is centered to CR and IR

Question 2

how do we control magnification distortion?

Answer 2

keep the part as close to the IR as possible

compensate by increasing SID if there is notable IOD that cannot be reduced

Question 3

how do we control shape distortion?

Answer 3

no rotation or tilt of the part

no tube tilt

Question 4

can distortion be useful?

Answer 4

yes, when isolating a specific part

Question 5

what are the exceptions to the 40” SID rule?

Answer 5

all lateral cervical spine
all oblique cervical spine
lateral chest
PA chest
AP full spine

Question 6

mastoid tip

Answer 6

C1

Question 7

thyroid cartilage

Answer 7

C4

Question 8

vertebral prominens

Answer 8

C7

Question 9

sternal notch

Answer 9

T2

Question 10

sternal angle

Answer 10

T4

Question 11

xyphoid tip

Answer 11

T10

Question 12

iliac crest

Answer 12

L4/5

Question 13

ASIS

Answer 13

S2

Question 14

greater trochanter

Answer 14

pubic symphysis

coccyx tip

Question 15

ischial tuberosities

Answer 15

bottom of pelvis

Question 16

what are the commonly used planes for xray?

Answer 16

posterior/dorsal
anterior/ventral
transverse
mid axillary
occlusal

Question 17

how does one accomodate the IR size and orientation?

Answer 17

it needs to be large enough for the part being xrayed
size and orientation matched
collimation to part size and orientation is the most important

Question 18

what are some advantages to collimation to part size and orientation?

Answer 18

limits amount of radiation to patient

controls unwanted scatter

Question 19

how large should the cassette be?

Answer 19

just as large or larger than the part being xrayed

Question 20

where does the ID blocker get placed?

Answer 20

away from anatomy of interest

Question 21

what are the effects of respiration?

Answer 21

controls voluntary motion

phases change placement of anatomy

Question 22

what happens when we inhale?

Answer 22

diaphragm moves down (thoracic area)

shoulders move up (cervical area)

Question 23

what happens when we exhale?

Answer 23

diaphragm moves up (lumbar area)

shoulders move down (cervical area)

Question 24

what should we have the patient do if we want a chest xray (breathing wise)?

Answer 24

take a deep breath and hold

Question 25

when we measure with calipers, we measure in...

Answer 25

centimeters

Question 26

how do we measure with the caliper?

Answer 26

in the direction CR travels through the body | at centering point

Question 27

what is the use of calipers?

Answer 27

determines amount of exposure needed

Question 28

how do we place anatomical markers?

Answer 28

according to patient's anatomy

Question 29

when do we put an R on patient's right or L on patient's left?

Answer 29

on AP, PA and oblique films

Question 30

how do you know which marker to put on for laterals?

Answer 30

use the side touching IR

Question 31

where should anatomical markers be placed?

Answer 31

inside light, outside anatomy

Question 32

what happens if you put the anatomical marker on the wrong side?

Answer 32

repeat the film

Question 33

what is the use of a flat aluminum filter?

Answer 33

even out radiographic density protects patient from some exposure produces consistent radiographic density throughout the part of interest

Question 34

where is the flat aluminum filter placed?

Answer 34

between xray beam and patient | over the thinnest portion of intended anatomy

Question 35

what do you need to do for patient prep?

Answer 35

``` obtain accurate history determine if pregnant remove clothin in affected area, patient in gown remove artifacts explain procedure measure with calipers shield patient appropriately ```

Question 36

what do you want to do when obtaining history?

Answer 36

identify the area of complaint and history regarding injury

Question 37

What do we do if the patient is pregnant?

Answer 37

explain importance of radiation safety delay exam, if possible shield fetus if necessary

Question 38

what is the 10 day rule?

Answer 38

the safest time to xray women of childbearing age is within the 10 day period after onset of menstruation

Question 39

what's the difference between artifacts and foreign bodies?

Answer 39

artifacts can easily be removed | foreign bodies cannot be easily removed

Question 40

what do you need to do when explaining the procedure to your patient?

Answer 40

use appropriate terminology for patient understanding appropriate volume validate response

Question 41

what do you do when you are about to measure patient with calipers?

Answer 41

alert patient before touching do this for each projection set control pattern per measurement

Question 42

how should you shield your patient?

Answer 42

use 1/2 apron or gonadal shield between the xray beam and patient don't cover pertinent anatomy