Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Diagnostic Methods - Radiology > Radiography general info > Flashcards

Radiography general info Flashcards

1
Q

PA stands for? Where does the beam start and end?

A

Posterior-Anterior. Beam goes through posterior and exits anterior to image receptor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How far is AP and PA from image receptor?

A

AP=10 inches away from image receptor, adds 10% magnification

PA=6 inches away from image receptor, better quality image than AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When to use AP instead of PA?

A

AP is used when the PT cannot come to the X-ray dept and needs a portable xray. Not as good quality image as PA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What position is a lateral X-ray compared to AP or PA?

A

90 degrees to PA or AP, while standing with left or right side to image receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define decubitus

A

Recumbent (laying) with horizontal beam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define lateral decubitus and when used

A

PT laying on right or left side with image receptor to back.
Right Lateral Decubitus looks like PA, left lateral decubitus looks like AP.

Used to determine air/fluid levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Dorsal Decubitus?

A

Laying on back with image receptor to right side.

Looks like lateral X-ray.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an oblique projection? When used?

A

Half-way between PA/AP and lateral.

Extremities usually require three projections and use oblique.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define radiology

A

Imaging technique that uses ionizing radiation to view internal structures of body in static or dynamic mode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the two classifications of ionizing radiation

A
  1. Particulate and Electromagnetic

2. X-Ray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is X-Ray?

A

Bundles of electromagnetic energy, produced in a cathode tube, with sufficient energy to ionize matter. 99% is heat, 1% are photons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What four things are needed for production of X-Ray?

A
  1. Source of electrons
  2. Way to accelerate them (current)
  3. Way to stop them (anode)
  4. Vacuum in envelope to prevent interaction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

X-ray interaction with matter

A

Tissues absorb radiation differently. Denser the tissue the harder for X-ray to penetrate.

Air shows up black as does not absorb X-ray. Bones appear white by absorbing radiation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What color does air appear as on an X-ray? Why?

A

Appears black as air does not absorb X-ray photons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What color does bone appear on X-ray? Why?

A

Bone appears white as they absorb radiation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do high energy photons do to body and how do they appear on xray?

A

Don’t interact with body and go straight through. Appear really black on X-ray.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

AP stands for? Where does the beam start and stop?

A

Anterior-Posterior. Beam goes through anterior and exits posterior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Compton Scatter is common in what type of X-ray?

A

Fluoroscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the effects of radiation on body?

A
  1. Cumulative over lifetime
  2. Produces free radicals
  3. Organs have different sensitivities but those with rapidly dividing cells are more sensitive (ex: lymphocytes, reproductive cells, erythrocytes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Fluoroscopy is what kind of study?

A

Functional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does fluoroscopy dynamic imaging look for?

A

Functional health
BAE=Can look at intestines for inflammation or polyps
UGI=pyloric stenosis, reflux
Modified swallows= Measures muscle pressure and movement, coordination, and strength of esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Average background radiation

A

2.4 millisievers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the radiation exposure during fluoroscopy?

A

Typical: 1-3 R/min
Max: 10 R/min

Alarm sounds at 5 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How to protect against radiation exposure?

A
  1. Lead apron (0.25mm Pb/eq) reduces 99% of radiation
  2. 6 feet away
  3. Highest energy scatter
  4. 90 degree angle to beam
  5. ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable)
  6. Shield patient’s parts not involved
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Things to consider about patient

A

Age, pregnancy, portable, difficult exam, upright vs flat (upright shows air/fluid levels, if PT can’t do upright then order decubitus), what ruling out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which X-ray to test for free air under diaphragm?

A

Upright abdomen or upright chest x-ray. Want to view apicies to costophrenic angles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Interventional Radiography Fluoroscopy set up like and can do what?

A

Set up like mini OR suite. Can place stents, PIC lines, central catheters, fix bleeds, or aneurysm clips

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Supine?

A

On back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Prone?

A

On belly/stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Recumbent

A

Laying back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Trendelenberg

A

Head down, feet up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Why upright done instead of recumbent?

A

Upright shows air/fluid levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Is X-ray needed for upper respiratory infection?

A

Not indicated unless hear something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Does hemoptysis (spitting up blood) need an X-ray?

A

Yes. Start with a chest X-ray (CXR) and then a CT if the CXR is normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Does hypertension (high blood pressure) require an X-ray?

A

Yes. Get a chest X-ray (CXR) to determine cardiac size.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What do you count in a chest X-ray? What are the tiny dots?

A

Count ribs to 9th or 10th rib and visualize the lungs. Tiny dots are the pulmonary vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What two things should a good lateral X-ray show?

A
  1. Spine

2. Pulmonary effusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What to look for in shoulder pain?

A

Look for degenerative changes, changes to A-C joints, bursitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

When to image hip pain and what might find?

A

Only in persistent pain. Possibly avascular necrosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

When to order X-ray with lumbar pain and what might find?

A

Degenerative changes. Order MRI is pain persistent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Which X-rays for acute abdominal pain?

A

Begin with flat and upright

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Which imaging for difficulty in swallowing?

A

BAS (barium swallow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Which imaging for ulcer?

A

UGI (upper gastric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Which image for lump in breast?

A

Mammography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Which image for aspirated foreign body?

A

Lateral soft tissue of neck. Object may be radiolucent which then requires esophageal studies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Which imaging for ingested foreign bodies?

A

Images of neck, chest, and abdomen. Coins most common.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Geometric properties vs Photographic properties

A

Geometric= sharpness (distortion and recorded detail)

Photographic= Visibility (density and contrast)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are photographic qualities?

A

Being able to distinguish structures from one another, too light or dark, missing something is not penetrated enough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the 4 geometric qualities?

A 
1 Distortion (wrong size/shape of image), 2 Magnification (lose detail with more), 3 Elongation (size), 4 Foreshortening (shape)
(DMEF)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Normal magnification

A

All images on radiograph are larger than actual. Normal magnification is between 1.05 and 1.1.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Elongation occurs when…?

A

Occurs when tube or image receptor are improperly aligned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is foreshortening?

A

Part being imaged isn’t lined up with image receptor and causes distortion. Can be useful to open disc spaces or move overlying anatomy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Lateral decubitus can be confused with what other view?

A

AP view if rotated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Dense tissue is hard or easy for X-ray to penetrate?

A

Hard.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

In chest x-rays what does the RIP acronym stand for?

A

R=Rotation
I=Inspiration
P=Penetration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

How do you assess rotation in a chest x-ray?

A

Look at the sternal head of the clavicles and make sure they are symmetrical.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What do you look for when assessing inspiration of chest xrays?

A

Try to count 10 ribs to know if inspiration is good. 9 ribs is OK but not less. Defined as being able to see/count ≥10 ribs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What do you look for when assessing penetration of chest xrays?

A

Should barely able to see intervetebral discs through the heart/upper mediastinum. If can see discs too clearly then this is overpenetration, if can’t see discs at all then underpenetrated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

In a PA chest xray what order of things do you check?

A

RIP, extrathoracic structures, ribs, pleura, diaphragms, heart, hila, lung parenchuma (apicies, middle, bases, lingula)

60
Q

In a lateral chest xray what should you be checking?

A

Extrathoracic structures, sternum (manubrium, body, xiphoid), ribs (posterior and anterior), spine (foramina, vetebral bodies, joint spaces), diaphrahm (double bubble with liver on right), heart, supracardiac spaces, infracardiac space (posterior triangle)

61
Q

What is an infiltrate?

A

Something inside of lung, usually fluid. Can be caused by many things including pneumonia and CHF.

62
Q

What is an effusion?

A

Something between lung and chest wall. Not in the lung itself but can press on lung.

63
Q

Infiltrate vs effusion

A

Infiltrate in in the lung while effusion is outside of lung and inside chest wall

64
Q

Where is the lingula?

A

Left upper lung. Combined term for the two bronchopulmonary segments.

65
Q

What is radiopacity mean?

A

Whiteness. Increased density.

66
Q

What does radiolucency mean?

A

Blackness. Decreased density.

67
Q

What does infiltrate mean?

A

A collection of something (usually liquid) within tissue or within space

68
Q

What does effusion mean?

A

A collection of something (usually liquid) outside a tissue or within a potential space

69
Q

What does mass mean?

A

Something solid that is generally well marginated and doesn’t belong there

70
Q

What does lesion mean?

A

Something poorly marginated that doesn’t belong there

71
Q

Mass Vs Lesion?

A

Mass is well marginates, lesion is not well marginated

72
Q

What are the three types of radiopacity patterns?

A

Alveolar pattern, Interstitial pattern, Vascular pattern (AIV)

73
Q

What does an alveolar pattern look like?

A

Fluffy, soft, poor demarcated opacifications

74
Q

What does an interstitial pattern look like?

A

Looks like lace. Branches of lines radiating toward periphery of lungs. Consolidation of interstitial fluid.

75
Q

What does a vascular pattern look like on chest xray?

A

Increase in size of pulmonary arteries as extend into lung (pulmonary hypertension), or a decrease in size (embolus), or lack of vascular marking in periphery (pneumothorax)

76
Q

What are the 4 possible causes of an alveolar pattern?

A

1 Pulmonary edema, 2 viral pneumonia, 3 pneumocystis, 4 alveolar cell carcinoma

77
Q

What does an interstitial pattern look like?

A

Looks like branching lines radiating toward the periphery of the lungs

78
Q

What are the 2 possible causes of an interstitial pattern?

A

1 Interstitial pneumonitis, 2 pulmonary fibrosis

79
Q

The diaphragm is higher on the right side because of what?

A

Liver pushes it up

80
Q

If image is overpenetrated then it appears…..

A

Too clear, can see vertebra too easily, air (black areas) shows up a lot

81
Q

If you cannot see the heart border on a chest xray then it’s likely an infiltrate of what area?

A

If cannot see heart border then likely lingular infiltrate. A lower lobe infiltrate usually lets you see the heart.

82
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

Lost of lung volume and loss of air

83
Q

What would atelectasis look like on an xray?

A

A density a lobe or segment. Compensatory hyperinflation of unaffected lungs. Causes a significant loss of volume.

84
Q

What happens to trapped air during atelectasis?

A

Gets absorbed from pulmonary circulation

85
Q

What are the findings in congestive heart failure?

A

Increased heart size. Large hila with indistinct borders, fluid in interlobar fissures, pleural effusions and alveolar edema (Bat’s wings), interstitial edema (Kerley B Lines), dialated upper vessels

86
Q

What are Kerley B Lines?

A

Little dashes near costophrenic angle. Pathneumonic for heart failure.

87
Q

What does a tension pneumothorax look like?

A

Corocoid process sticking out. Pleura is gone, only seeing air and no water or fat.

88
Q

What does a pleural effusion look like?

A

Cannot clearly see heart which implies a problem in the lingular part of lung. Cannot see CFA. If can’t see “double bubble” then bad.

89
Q

Overpenetration will cause

A

underinterpreting/missing a finding

90
Q

If something is very radiopaque then what is it’s radiolucency?

A

Not very radiolucent

91
Q

Black on an xray is what for radiopaque and radiolucent?

A

Black is least radiopaque and the most radiolucent

92
Q

White on an xray is what radiopaque and radiolucent?

A

White is most radiopaque and the least radiolucent

93
Q

Underpenetration appears as ____ while overpenetration appears as ____

A

Under is lighter, over is darker

94
Q

On a lateral chest xray where should you look for find bad things hiding?

A

Retrocardiac space

95
Q

An underpenetrated xray would cause you to do what with a diagnosis?

A

Underpenetrated would cause you to over diagnose

96
Q

If you can see discs very clearly then film is likely….?

A

Overpenetrated

97
Q

If you can’t see discs at all then film is likely…?

A

Underpenetrated

98
Q

Where does the ascending color turn?

A

Hepatic flexure

99
Q

What are the layers of skin and organs in the RUQ?

A

Skin, muscle, liver, gall bladder, pancreas top to bottom in RUQ

100
Q

Why is the pancreas filled with “evil spirits”?

A

Evil spirits live in the pancreas. Endocrine, excocrine, partly retroperotoneal and partly intraperotoneal. Can autodigest. All messed up.

101
Q

What can gallstones do to the pancreas?

A

Gall stones can be pushed into common bile duct and cause pancreas to back up and autodigest.

102
Q

Retroperitoneal organs can cause pain located where?

A

Back pain

103
Q

Intraperitoneal organs can cause pain where?

A

Abdominal

104
Q

The pancreas is in which peritonium and causes pain where??

A

Both retro and intraperitoneal and can cause pain in both back and abdomen

105
Q

KUB includes from where to where?

A

KUB-includes diaphragm to top of pubic symphyis

106
Q

What structures cross the midline?

A

Stomach, transverse colon, small bowel, aorta, IVC, urinary bladder, uterus

107
Q

If you can see the psoas muscle on a KUB what does it mean for fluid accumulation?

A

Unlikely to have fluid accumulation

108
Q

What is under the liver?

A

Gall bladder

109
Q

Gas patterns in the jejunum look like what shape?

A

Wavy

110
Q

Gas patterns in the ileum look like what shape?

A

Rectangle

111
Q

Gas patterns in the colon look like what shape?

A

Semicircular

112
Q

Large bowel obstruction can be caused by what?

A

Tumor, abscess, diverticular disease, volvulus

113
Q

What can cause a small bowel obstruction?

A

Adhesions, hernia, tumor, gallstones

114
Q

What is the name of large bowel mucosal folds and shape?

A

Haustral folds, semicircular

115
Q

What is the name of small bowel mucosal folds and shape?

A

Valvulae conniventes, circular folds

116
Q

CT vs MRI

A

MRI=soft tissues which have water (muscles/tendons/ligaments), or soft jello-like organs like the brain use MRI.
CT=for things without water (chest, abdomen, pelvis, bone). CT in acute patients, MRI for subacute

117
Q

Is CT or MRI better for bone lesions and bone fractures?

A

CT is better

118
Q

MR of the musculoskeletel system can see the following structures:

A

Soft tissues: Fat, muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, blood vessels, and bone marrow (p. 1078 of lab & diag test book)

119
Q

What is the most frequently used MRI contract and what route is it delivered? What excretes it?

A

IV Gadolinium. Kidneys. Be care in PTs with kidney disease.

120
Q

What is the relationship between tissues that contain a lot of hydrogen and those that contain little hydrogen and how they show up on MRI?

A

Tissues that contain very little hydrogen, such as cortical bone, flowing blood, and an air-filled lung, generate little or no MR signal and appear black on the images produced. Tissues high in hydrogen, such as fat or carti- lage, have high signal intensity and appear white.

121
Q

On an MRI if a tissue has very little hydrogen what color would is appear as?

A

Black

122
Q

On an MRI if a tissue has a lot of hydrogen what color does it appear as?

A

White

123
Q

What sort of tissues are high and low in hydrogen?

A

Little hydrogen=cortical bone, flowing blood, and an air-filled lung; High hydrogen=such as fat or cartilage

124
Q

What is a Telsa with regard to MRI?

A

Strength of the magnet. 1 T equals 10,000 G.

125
Q

What rays does nuclear imaging use?

A

Gamma rays

126
Q

A nuclear imaging HIDA scan look at what organ?

A

Gall bladder

127
Q

What is the most frequent type of nuclear imaging study?

A

Gastric emptying.

128
Q

When would you order a nuclear imaging Lung Scan instead of a CTA?

A

Used for pregnant, dialysis, or PTs with allergy to IV contrast. Otherwise get CTA.

129
Q

The amount of isotope giving in a nuclear imagine myocardial perfusion test is based on the PT’s what?

A

Age

130
Q

After a nuclear imaging perfusion scan where isotype was given what should the PT be told to do?

A

Drink lots of water

131
Q

What does “Photopenic” mean when doing a nuclear imaging Myocardial Perfusion Scan?

A

No uptake of the isotope due to infarcted tissue.

132
Q

A PET scan is a nuclear imaging study but is doesn’t use which ray?

A

Gamma

133
Q

A PET Cardiac scan is good for someone with a high…?

A

BMI, but uncommon and very expensive

134
Q

What must a patient do in the hours leading up to a PET/CT scan?

A

No exercise for 24 hours, NPO for 4 hours, stay warm, and might be told to eat a fatty meal the night before. Don’t want to screw up glucose uptake.

135
Q

In a PET/CT scan what must the PT’s glucose be under?

A

Under 200, some places it must be under 150

136
Q

After a PET/CT scan a PT is told to avoid what two things for the first 24 hours because they are radioactive?

A

Avoid holding baby, avoid breastfeeding

137
Q

Why does the brain appear very dark on a PET/CT scan?

A

Brain uses a LOT of glucose and PET/CT traces glucose uptake

138
Q

If a PET/CT scan shows a tumor but no glucose uptake what might it mean about the tumor?

A

Might mean the tumor is benign. No glucose update=not active

139
Q

If a PET/CT scan shows a and but there is a lot of glucose uptake what might it mean about the tumor?

A

Means tumor is actively metabolizing glucose and need to do a biopsy of the tumor

140
Q

A nuclear imaging Bone Scan tests for what two things about a bone?

A

Blood flow to the bone, function of the bone

141
Q

In a nuclear imaging bone scan what is the uptake like in kids compared to adults?

A

Lots of uptake in kids who are still growing, little update in adults who are not growing

142
Q

What are some PT restrictions BEFORE thyroid treatment using nuclear medicine?

A

Low iodine diet for 2-4 weeks, no iodine contrast for 6 weeks before, stop antithyroid meds, CANNOT BE PREGNANT before or 6 months after, no betadine/vitamins/supplements/cough meds for 2-4 weeks

143
Q

What are some PT restrictions AFTER thyroid treatment using nuclear medicine?

A

No pregnancy for 6 months! Flush 3x after use, sleep along, wash hands a lot, no sex or kissing, dont cook for others, replace toothbrush after 1 week, drink extra water and use lemon drops to stimulate saliva

144
Q

Nuclear Medicine imaging isn’t checking anatomy but is instead checking….?

A

Function

145
Q

Nuclear Medicine can not only determine the function of an organ but what else can it do that is non-diagnostic?

A

Treatment of many cancers and hyperfunctioning tissues

Diagnostic Methods - Radiology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions