Radiography/Echocardiography

Question 1

What are the main way cat radiographs differ from the dog?

Answer 1

Feline thorax more triangular
Sternebrae rectangular
Heart more recumbent
Finer ribs
More lungs between cardiac silhouette and diaphragm

Question 2

How to conduct a vertebral heart score:

Answer 2

1. Measure long axis and short axis
2. Align length w/ T4
3. Count vertebrae from T4
4. Add # vertebrae together
   Normal: 9.7 +/- 0.5

Question 3

How to estimate with a vertebral left atrial size (VLAS).

Answer 3

1. draw line from carina to caudal LA border where caudal vena cava intersects
2. Transpose that line up to start of T4
3. Count vertebral bodies
   >2.3 = enlarged

Question 4

What does a bulge of the caudal cardiac waste/backpack sign indiacte?

Answer 4

Left atrial enlargement

Question 5

Match these with actual rads/go through lecture

Answer 5

ok

Question 6

What does a reverse “D” heart shape mean?

Answer 6

Right ventricular enlargement

Question 7

What does a craniodorsal bulge of the cardiac silhouette indicate?

Answer 7

right aterial enlargement

Question 8

What does a bulge at the cranial cardiac waist indicate? Often appears as widening of cranial mediastinum.

Answer 8

Aortic enlargement

Question 9

What radiographic evidence shows left sided CHF?

Answer 9

Left atrial enlargement
Pulmonary venous congestion
Pulmonary edema

Question 10

What radiogrpahic evidence shows right sided CHF?

Answer 10

Right atrial enlargement
Dilated vena cava
Cavitary effusion/pleural effusion obscuring the heart

Question 10

What pattern do donuts and tramlines or sponges indicate?

Answer 10

Bronchial

Question 11

What is bronchiectasis?

Answer 11

Pathologic dilation of the bronchi usually related to chronic inflammation and damage to the bronchial wall

Question 12

What can a diagnosis be for distended chambers on echo?

Answer 12

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Question 13

What is the echo mushroom view?

Answer 13

The left ventricle on the right parasternal short axis view

Question 14

What is the fish lips view?

Answer 14

mitral valve on the right parasternal short axis view

Question 15

What is the whale tail view?

Answer 15

left atrium and aorta (base)
on the right parasternal short axis view

Question 16

Fractional shortening

Answer 16

FS (%) = (LVd-LVs)/LVd
chamber diameter
Dog normal: 30-46%
Cat normal: 40-65%

Question 17

Simplified Bernoulli Equation

Answer 17

Estimate of pressure from velocity of blood flow through the heart (measured via dopple)
P = 4V^2
P= pressure
V= velocity

Question 18

What does BART mean in response to color flow dopple?

Answer 18

Blue flow Away from the probe
Red flow Towards the probe
green/yellow = areas of high turbulence