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ClinSci II > Cardiology Anatomy and Function > Flashcards

Cardiology Anatomy and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Trace the blood flow through the body
starting with the vena cava

A

Vena cava > right artria > tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulmonic valve > pulmonary artery > lungs > pulmonary vein > left atria > mitral valve > left ventricle > aortic valve > aorta > tissues > vena cava

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2
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve?

A

Between the right atria and ventricles
(Right AV valve)

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3
Q

Where is the mitral valve?

A

Between the left atria and ventricles
(Left AV valve)

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4
Q

Layers of the heart + pericardium from internal to external

A

Endocardium > myocardium > epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium) > pericardial cavity > parietal layer of serous pericardium > fibrous pericardium

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5
Q

What color is fluid usually on US?

A

Black

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6
Q

What type of muscles are found in the auricles?

A

Pectinate muscles

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7
Q

What three vessels enter the right atrium?

A

Cranial vena cava, caudal vena cava, coronary sinus

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8
Q

What muscles are connected to the mitral/tricuspid valves via the chordae tendinae?

A

Papillary muscles

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9
Q

Which side of the heart is naturally higher pressure?

A

Left

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10
Q

What kind of valves are the aortic and pulmonic?

A

Semi-lunar

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11
Q

When do the AV valves open and close?

A

Open in diastole
Closed in systole

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12
Q

What is the most important heart disease of dogs?

A

Myxomatous mitral valve degeneration

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13
Q

When are the semilunar valves open and closed?

A

Open in systole
Closed in diastole

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14
Q

Where do the coronary arteries arise from and when does coronary arterial flow occur?

A

Arise from aorta
Coronary arterial flow occurs in DIASTOLE
(b/c in systole everything is too tight to flow)

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15
Q

Where do cardiac impulses start?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

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16
Q

What are the two primary differences between fetal and adult circulation?

A

Flow across the atrial septum (foramen ovale)
Flow between aorta and pulmonary artery (ductus arteriosus)

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17
Q

What defines the onset of systole?

A

Mitral/tricuspid closure

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18
Q

What defines the onset of diastole?

A

Aortic/pulmonic closure

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19
Q

Defintion of Stroke Volume

A

Vol of blood efected from ventricle in one cycle
SV = End diastolic vol - end systolic vol

20
Q

What is the ejection fraction?

A

% of blood leaving the ventricle with each cycle
SV (EDV-ESV) /EDV
Normal = >50-60%

21
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

CO = SV x HR
total vol pumped into Aorta AND Pulmonary artery in 1 min
(L/min)

22
Q

What is happening during S1 (lub)?

A

Closure of the AV valve
(Beginning of isovolumetric contraction)

23
Q

What is happening during S2 (dub)?

A

Aortic valve closure

24
Q

What does lusitropy refer to?

A

Relaxation
Ventricular compliance & diastolic function

25
Q

What does inotropy refer to?

A

Contractility
Degree muscle fibers shorten independent of load

26
Q

What is preload?

A

Diastolic wall stress or pressure just prioir to contraction.

27
Q

What is afterload?

A

Systolic wall stress or pressure (load or force on contracting cardiomyocyte)

28
Q

Why does CO begin to fall at very high HRs?

A

Less diastolic filling time

29
Q

What is the most important factor affecting preload?

A

Venous return/blood volume

30
Q

What affects afterload?

A

Systemic vascular resistance (arterial blood pressure)
Compliance of aorta and arteries
Left ventricular outflow tract anatomy (stenosis)
etc

31
Q

What is LaPlace’s Law?

A

Wall stress = (pressure x radius) / (2x wall thickness)
Wall thickens to reduce wall stress (more fibers share load)

32
Q

What group of drugs do we give to decrease afterload?

A

Vasodilators

33
Q

What do positive inotropes achieve?

A

Increase contractility by increasing Ca++ influx or sensitivity to Ca++

34
Q

Do increased preload and afterload effect contractility?

A

No

35
Q

What is MVO2 and what are its determinants?

A

Myocardial oxygen consumption/demand
Energy delivered via coronary arteries in diastole
-HR
-Wall stress/pressure
-Contractility
an increase in any of these will increase MVO2

36
Q

What are drugs that reduce MVO2?

A

Beta blockers

37
Q

What percentage of blood is in the systemic circulation vs the pulmonary?

A

Systemic: 84%
Pulmonary: 16%

38
Q

Systemic veins = major _______ reservoir

A

Volume
Expand and contract to meet demands, high compliance

39
Q

Systemic arteries = major ________ reservoir

A

Pressure
Preserve pressure to propel blood,
low compliance

40
Q

What type of vessel controls resistance and therefore blood pressure?

A

Arterioles

41
Q

What is Ohm’s law for fluid?

A

ΔP = Q x R
P= perfusion pressure
Q = flow
R= resistance
Blood flow through vessels is dependent on:
-Pressure difference/gradient: force pushing blood thru
-Vascular resistance: friction of blood along endothelium

42
Q

What is Poiseuille’s Law?

A

Can predict flow (or resistance) based on geometry of tube (vessel)
Factors = viscosity, length of vessel, radius
Clinically: altering blood vessel DIAMETER (radius) is a powerful tool to alter blood flow

43
Q

What is the hematocrit?

A

% of blood that’s red blood cells
affects blood viscosity and thus flow

44
Q

What is Reynold’s number?

A

The velocity where blood transitions from laminar to turbulent b/c of increasing blood flow and pressure

45
Q

What is MAP?

A

Mean arterial pressure
MAP = (Systolic + 2x diastolic) / 3
Normal: 120/80 (93)

46
Q

Which anatomic alignment reduces vascular resistance: Series or parallel?

A

Parallel arrangement

47
Q

Why are arterioles not capillaries the site of highest resistance?

A

Arteries distribute the blood to many capillaries (parallel resistance)

ClinSci II (13 decks)

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