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Radiology & Radiography > Radiography > Flashcards

Radiography Flashcards

1
Q

What is the background radiation dose in the UK?

A

2.5 mSv

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2
Q

When and by whom were xrays discovered?

A

Discovered by roentgen in 1895

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3
Q

When was the first x ray taken?

A

1896

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4
Q

What are the two legislative regualtions surrounding xrays?

A

IRR (Ionising Radiation Regulations) 1999IRMER (Ionising radiation medical exposure regulations) 2000

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5
Q

Which legislations refers to staff and public safety?

A

IRR 1999

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6
Q

Which legislations refers to ALARA?

A

IRMER 2000

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7
Q

What is the IRR 1999?

A

this relates to the workplace and employeesit is a framework that has been put in place to ensure ionising radiation arising from work activities is kept ALARA and does not exceed specified limits

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8
Q

What the the purpose of IRMER 2000?

A

aimed at patient protectionminimise the risks to patient undergoing medical exposures

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9
Q

Who enforces IRMER?

A

CQC (England) and HCI (wales)

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10
Q

what are the four duty holders according to IRMER?

A

EmployerReferrerpractitioneroperator

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11
Q

What is the role of the referrer?

A

supply clinical details to allow justification

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12
Q

What must the referrer provide?

A

sufficient clinical details to enable the practitioner to justify the procedure

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13
Q

What must the referrer to request and xray?

A

detailed history and exmaination

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14
Q

What is the role of the practitioner?

A

justify the procedure

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15
Q

How do practitioners justify the procedure?

A

They need to use selection criteria and previous films to help identify if the risks of radiation outweigh the benefitsrisk benefit analysis

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16
Q

What should be recorded in the patients notes?

A

Justification

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17
Q

What is the process of recording that justification has taken place called?

A

authorisation

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18
Q

What is the role of the operator?

A

they must ensure ALARA principles

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19
Q

What must the operator write in the notes?

A

record exposure variables if different from the normclinical evaluation of the film must be palced in pt notesDRL should not be exceededQA should ensure films are diagnostic

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20
Q

What is the role of the employer?

A

need to ensure IRR and IRMER are being implemented

21
Q

What roles must employers *(legal) people perform?

A

Notificationrisk assessmentdose limitstrainingQAestablish Diagnostic reference levelsundertake risk assessmentsensure systems are in placeappoint a Radiation protection advisor and supervisorCPD training record

22
Q

WHen must the health and safety executive be notified?

A

if a GDP wants to undertake dental radiography he must notify the HSE upon installation of new radiogrpahy equipment and when there has been new owneership of the practice or change of the address

23
Q

What is the dose limits for classified workers?

A

20mSv IRR99 /year

24
Q

What is the dose limit for non-classified workers?

A

6 mSv IRR 99 /year

25
Q

What is the dose limit for the general public?

A

1 mSv IRR 99 / year

26
Q

What does the dose constraint refer to?

A

the upper limit of the radiation dose that should not be exceeded

27
Q

What is the dose constraint for operators ?

A

1mSv

28
Q

WHat is the dose constraint for employees not directly involved in radiography?

A

0.3 mSv

29
Q

What are diagnostic reference levels? What do the represent? and who set them?

A

Doses for typical examinations for groups of average sized patients Set by: HPARepresent skin entry dose and should be displaayed next to machineEMPLOYERS MUST TAKE ACTION IF EXCEEDEDMeasures in grays

30
Q

What is the DRL for a mandibular molar?

A

2.4mGy

31
Q

What is the DRL for a DPT?

A

60mGy

32
Q

What is the role of the medical physics expert?

A

provides advice on, 1. patient dose, 2. development and use of new techniques and matters relating to dental exposures

33
Q

WHat is the role of the radiation protection advisor?

A

Ensure:1. Safety managment2. Training

34
Q

T/F all practice must have a RPA?

A

T IRR99

35
Q

The medical physics expert adheres to IRR99? T/F

A

FIRMER 2000

36
Q

What safety management do RPA’s perform?

A
  1. Requirements for controlled areas2. Radiation safety of new equipment and rooms3. Testing and safety devices4. Risk assessment5. INvestigation after radiation incident
37
Q

What is the role of the RPS?

A

Ensures local rules are followedIRR99

38
Q

Who can be appointed a RPS?

A

anyone in the practice with adequate training

39
Q

What does IRMER 2000 stipulate about radiographs in the pregnant patient?

A

Need to ensure that you ask a female of a child bearing age if they are pregnant

40
Q

WHere should DRL be displayed?

A

next to xray machine

41
Q

WHat is excessive exposure of a patient?

A

when a patient is perceived to have received more than 20 times the intended radiation dose

42
Q

Who should be contacted in case of excessive exposure?

A

the RPA and patient must be informed too

43
Q

if the excessive radaition dose is due to equipment, who should then be contacted?

A

HSE and MDA

44
Q

If the excssive radiation dose is due to human error, who should then be contacted?

A

CQC

45
Q

What does IRR99 require?

A

CREWDLLocal rules to be followedRPA and RPSWorking instructionsContingency planDose investigation levelEmployees written procedureRisk assessment

46
Q

What does IRMER 2000 require?

A

Roles:Identify referrer, practitioner and operatorMEdical Physics expertPatient:correct identification of patientassessment of pt doseuse DRLCarrying out and recording clinical evaluation of each exposureensure each exposure is authorised so justification can be recorded in pt notesQAclinical auditensure QA programmes are followed

47
Q

What is radiation hormesis?

A

concept that at appropriate low doses radiation offers a beneficial effect

48
Q

WHat are the advantages of low dose radiation?

A

Deactivates free radicalsstimulated DNA repair mechanismsStimulates immune surveillanceInduces cell death in transformed cells

49
Q

What are the four ways x rays interact at the atomic level?

A

Photoelectric effectCompton effectRayleigh scatteringPair production

Radiology & Radiography (11 decks)

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