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C2 > RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE > Flashcards

RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE Flashcards

1
Q

What does mA control with a constant exposure time?

A

X-ray quantity and patient dose.

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2
Q

Does mA affect x-ray quality?

A

No, x-ray quality remains fixed with a change in mA

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3
Q

What is the purpose of radiographic technique?

A

To produce a high-quality image.

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4
Q

Name the four prime exposure factors.

A

kVp, mA, exposure time, and SID.

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5
Q

What is the primary control of x-ray beam quality?

A

kVp

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6
Q

How does higher kVp affect image contrast?

A

It reduces image contrast.

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7
Q

What does mA determine?

A

number of x-rays produced.

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8
Q

What happens when exposure time is decreased?

A

mA must increase to maintain x-ray intensity.

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9
Q

What formula is used to calculate mAs?

A

mA x exposure time (s).

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the falling-load generator?

A

To adjust exposure factors to the highest mA and shortest exposure time allowed.

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11
Q

How does distance (SID) affect optical density?

A

Changing SID affects the intensity of the x-ray beam, thus altering OD.

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12
Q

Does changing the focal spot affect x-ray quantity or quality?

A

No, it does not.

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13
Q

Name the three types of filtration.

A

Inherent, added, and compensating.

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14
Q

What is inherent filtration equivalent to in mm of aluminum?

A

0.5 mm Al.

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15
Q

What is total filtration in radiography?

A

Inherent filtration + added filtration, totaling 2.5 mm Al.

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16
Q

What is the purpose of a compensating filter?

A

To deliver a uniform exposure to the image receptor.

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17
Q

Define half-wave rectification.

A

X-rays are produced and emitted only half the time.

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18
Q

How does three-phase power affect x-ray quantity and quality?

A

It results in higher x-ray quantity and quality.

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19
Q

What type of generator is commonly used in mammography?

A

High-frequency generator.

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20
Q

Name three patient factors affecting radiographic technique.

A

Anatomical thickness, body composition, and image quality factors.

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21
Q

What is body habitus?

A

The general size and shape of a patient.

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22
Q

List the four body habitus types.

A

Sthenic, hyposthenic, hypersthenic, and asthenic.

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23
Q

What tool is used to measure patient thickness?

A

caliper

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24
Q

How is radiolucent tissue represented on an x-ray?

A

black

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25
Q

How is radiopaque tissue represented on an x-ray?

A

white

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26
Q

What is destructive pathology?

A

Pathology that makes tissue more radiolucent.

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27
Q

What is constructive pathology?

A

Pathology that makes tissue more radiopaque.

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28
Q

what kind of pathology is emphysema?

A

destructive/subtractive

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29
Q

what kind of pathology is pneumonia?

A

constructive/additive

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30
Q

What are the main image-quality factors?

A

Optical density (OD), contrast, detail, and distortion.

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31
Q

The degree of blackening in the radiograph.

A

optical density

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32
Q

Which factor primarily controls OD?

A

mAs

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33
Q

What is overexposure in radiography?

A

When the radiograph appears too dark due to excessive x-ray exposure.

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34
Q

What is underexposure in radiography?

A

When the radiograph appears too light due to insufficient x-ray exposure.

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35
Q

Define the Fifteen Percent Rule.

A

Increasing kVp by 15% is equivalent to doubling the mAs.

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36
Q

What is contrast in radiographic imaging?

A

The difference in OD between adjacent anatomical structures.

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37
Q

What produces a long scale of contrast?

A

High kVp.

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38
Q

What produces a short scale of contrast?

A

Low kVp.

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39
Q

Name an exposure factor that decreases contrast.

A

Increased kVp.

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40
Q

The sharpness of appearance of small structures on the radiograph.

A

detail

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41
Q

How is sharpness of image detail best measured?

A

By spatial resolution.

42
Q

How is the visibility of image detail best measured?

A

By contrast resolution.

43
Q

The misrepresentation of object size and shape on the radiograph.

A

distortion

44
Q

What causes elongation in radiography?

A

Poor alignment of the IR or tube.

45
Q

What causes foreshortening in radiography?

A

Poor alignment of the anatomical part.

46
Q

What are the principal radiographic image quality factors?

A

OD, contrast, detail, and distortion.

47
Q

What are radiographic technique charts used for?

A

To determine the technical factors for specific examinations.

48
Q

What is the main benefit of using a technique chart?

A

Consistency in exposure quality across technologists.

49
Q

What is a variable-kVp technique chart?

A

A chart using a fixed mAs and varying kVp based on part thickness.

50
Q

Who developed the fixed-kVp technique chart?

A

Arthur Fuchs.

51
Q

What is a high-kVp technique chart ideal for?

A

Barium work and routine chest radiography.

52
Q

What does AEC stand for?

A

Automatic Exposure Control.

53
Q

What does AEC control in an x-ray system?

A

It determines radiation exposure duration.

54
Q

What must the radiologic technologist select in an AEC system?

A

kVp, mA, backup time, sensor, and OD.

55
Q

What is the primary benefit of AEC systems?

A

Consistent exposure and reduced need for manual adjustments.

56
Q

What does APR stand for in radiographic technique?

A

Automatically Programmed Radiography.

57
Q

What is the function of APR?

A

Guides RTs with preset exposure factors based on body part and size.

58
Q

Imaging a plane of interest while blurring structures on either side of that plane.

A

tomography

59
Q

What is the principal advantage of tomography?

A

Improved contrast resolution.

60
Q

What is the principal disadvantage of tomography?

A

Increased patient dose.

61
Q

The pivot point around which the x-ray tube and image receptor move.

A

fulcrum

62
Q

What is the object plane in tomography?

A

The plane where structures are in focus while others are blurred.

63
Q

What happens to structures outside the fulcrum plane?

A

They exhibit increasing motion blur.

64
Q

The simplest form of tomography, using linear movement of the tube and image receptor.

A

linear tomography

65
Q

It determines the section thickness of the tomographic image.

A

tomographic angle

66
Q

Thick-slice tomography with a small tomographic angle (less than 10 degrees).

A

zonography

67
Q

Where is panoramic tomography commonly used?

A

In dental imaging for fast surveys of the head.

68
Q

What is magnification radiography?

A

A technique that increases OID to magnify structures.

69
Q

What type of focal spot is used in magnification radiography?

A

A small focal spot.

70
Q

Why are grids not needed in magnification radiography?

A

Large OID naturally reduces scatter.

71
Q

What formula calculates the magnification factor?

A

MF = SID / SOD.

72
Q

How does increasing mA affect x-ray quantity?

A

It increases x-ray quantity.

73
Q

What happens to x-ray quality when exposure time is adjusted?

A

X-ray quality remains unaffected.

74
Q

How does distance (SID) impact patient dose?

A

Increased SID reduces patient dose.

75
Q

What effect does focal-spot size have on x-ray production?

A

Larger focal spots produce more x-rays.

76
Q

What type of filtration is permanently installed in x-ray machines?

A

Inherent filtration.

77
Q

What is the purpose of compensating filtration?

A

To create a uniform exposure across varying tissue densities.

78
Q

How does full-wave rectification affect exposure time?

A

eliminates dead time, reducing exposure time.

79
Q

What is the effect of single-phase power on x-ray emission?

A

X-ray emission is less constant than with three-phase power.

80
Q

What voltage ripple percentage is associated with high-frequency generators?

A

Less than 1%.

81
Q

What determines the visibility of small anatomical details on an image?

A

The sharpness of image detail.

82
Q

What factor controls geometric detail in radiography?

A

Focal-spot size, SID, and OID.

83
Q

What positioning reduces distortion in radiographic imaging?

A

Proper alignment of the IR, tube, and anatomical part.

84
Q

How does thickness of body part affect optical density?

A

Thicker parts decrease OD due to increased attenuation.

85
Q

What should be adjusted when changing patient thickness?

A

kVp or mAs to maintain OD.

86
Q

How does high kVp impact subject contrast?

A

High kVp reduces subject contrast.

87
Q

What is the recommended SID for chest radiography?

A

180 cm (72 inches).

88
Q

What is the result of using a microfocus tube in mammography?

A

Enhanced visualization of microcalcifications.

89
Q

What factor must change by 30% to affect OD?

A

mAs.

90
Q

How much must kVp change to produce a visible OD change?

A

Approximately 4%.

91
Q

What is the five percent rule in radiography?

A

Increasing kVp by 5% allows a 30% reduction in mAs for the same OD.

92
Q

How does grid ratio affect contrast?

A

Higher grid ratios increase contrast by absorbing scatter.

93
Q

What is the purpose of collimation in radiography?

A

To limit the x-ray field size, reducing scatter and improving contrast.

94
Q

How does beam restriction impact contrast?

A

Increased restriction improves contrast.

95
Q

What is the result of grid misalignment?

A

Grid cutoff, reducing image quality.

96
Q

What factor is essential to APR’s functioning?

A

Proper calibration and input for accurate exposures.

97
Q

What kVp setting is ideal for routine chest radiography?

A

High kVp for enhanced tissue visualization.

98
Q

How should a technique chart be calibrated?

A

Based on accurate exposure settings and equipment consistency.

99
Q

What is a primary disadvantage of fixed-kVp technique charts?

A

Less flexibility for specific body part adjustments.

100
Q

Why are filters used in radiographic systems?

A

To harden the beam and improve tissue penetration while minimizing soft x-rays.

C2 (7 decks)

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