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C2 > IMAGE ARTIFACTS > Flashcards

IMAGE ARTIFACTS Flashcards

1
Q

What is an artifact in radiography?

A

An undesirable optical density or blemish on a radiograph.

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2
Q

How are artifacts classified in radiography?

A

Processing artifacts, Exposure artifacts, and Handling & Storage artifacts.

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3
Q

What is an exposure artifact?

A

An artifact associated with the manner in which the radiographer conducts the examination.

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4
Q

How can exposure artifacts be prevented?

A

Proper patient preparation and instruction.

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5
Q

What is a common cause of double exposure?

A

Reusing cassettes that have already been exposed.

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6
Q

What causes blur in radiographs?

A

Improper patient movement, including breathing.

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7
Q

How can grid cutoff artifacts occur?

A

Improper patient positioning.

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8
Q

What is the importance of patient preparation?

A

It is essential for producing artifact-free images.

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9
Q

What are processing artifacts?

A

Artifacts produced during the film processing phase.

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10
Q

How are pressure-type artifacts characterized?

A

They sensitize or scrape off the emulsion, causing areas of higher or lower OD.

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11
Q

How can processing artifacts be prevented?

A

Regular processor quality control (QC) and frequent cleaning.

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12
Q

Marks caused by improperly positioned or sprung guide shoes, found on the leading or trailing edge of film.

A

guide shoe marks

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13
Q

Lines caused by dirt or chemical stains on a roller, occurring at 3.1416 intervals perpendicular to film direction.

A

PI-LINES

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14
Q

What effect do dirty rollers have on radiographic films?

A

They can cause emulsion pick-off and gelatin build-up, resulting in sharp areas of increased or reduced OD.

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15
Q

What is chemical fog?

A

A uniform dull gray appearance caused by improper or inadequate processing chemistry.

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16
Q

A chemical stain on the film, also known as the “curtain effect.”

A

dichroic stain

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17
Q

Describe the “curtain effect.”

A

Occurs when processing chemicals are not properly squeezed from the film, leading to uneven distribution.

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18
Q

An artifact in the developer tank that appears as small circular patterns of increased OD due to dirty rollers.

A

wet-pressure sensitization

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19
Q

What causes bizarre artifacts in digital radiography?

A

Image processing errors.

20
Q

What are handling and storage artifacts?

A

Artifacts caused by improper handling and storage conditions of radiographic film.

21
Q

How can handling and storage artifacts be prevented?

A

Proper facility design and appropriate storage conditions.

22
Q

What can cause fog in radiographic films?

A

High temperature or humidity, inadequate shielding from radiation, or exposure to safelight.

23
Q

What causes pressure marks in film?

A

Improper or rough handling of the film, or stacking it too high in storage.

24
Q

What can cause streaks of increased OD in radiographs?

A

Light leaks in the darkroom or the cassette.

25
Q

Name three static patterns that appear as artifacts.

A

Crown, tree, and smudge patterns.

26
Q

What causes static artifacts?

A

Buildup of electrons in the emulsion due to low temperature or humidity.

27
Q

What causes yellow-brown stains on radiographic films?

A

Residual thiosulfate from inadequate washing during processing.

28
Q

How does light or radiation fog appear on a radiograph?

A

As streaklike artifacts of increased OD.

29
Q

What causes kink marks on radiographic films?

A

Rough handling of the film before processing.

30
Q

How does hypo retention appear on radiographic films?

A

As yellow-brown stains due to inadequate washing, resulting in silver sulfide buildup.

31
Q

Emulsion removed from the film due to dirty rollers, appearing as artifacts on the radiograph.

A

emulsion pick-off

32
Q

How can improper patient positioning affect radiographic quality?

A

It can lead to artifacts like grid cutoff or obscured details.

33
Q

What artifact is caused by patient jewelry on a radiograph?

A

Unexpected foreign object artifact due to improper patient preparation.

34
Q

How does improper squeezing of chemicals affect film appearance?

A

Can lead to dichroic stains or “curtain effect.”

35
Q

What is the appearance of a radiograph affected by chemical fog?

A

It appears uniformly dull and gray.

36
Q

What effect does oxidized developer have on radiographic film?

A

Causes yellow-brown drops on the film.

37
Q

What does a milky appearance on a radiograph indicate?

A

Underreplenished fixer during processing

38
Q

What causes a greasy appearance on radiographic film?

A

Inadequate washing during processing.

39
Q

What causes brittle film appearance?

A

Improper dryer temperature or inadequate hardener in the fixer.

40
Q

Where are Pi lines typically located?

A

Perpendicular to the film’s direction of movement, caused by roller dirt or stains.

41
Q

How does stacking film too high affect radiographic quality?

A

high affect radiographic quality? It causes pressure marks or kink marks.

42
Q

What is a crown static pattern?

A

A type of static artifact due to low temperature or humidity.

43
Q

What causes smudge static?

A

Low temperature or humidity in the film handling environment

44
Q

What artifact is caused by leaving film in the x-ray room during exposure?

A

Radiation fog, increasing OD on the film.

45
Q

What is hypo retention in radiography?

A

Yellow-brown staining due to insufficient washing, leading to silver sulfide buildup on the film.

46
Q

What processing error causes “wet-pressure sensitization”?

A

Pressure from dirty or irregular rollers in the developer tank.

47
Q

Why should a film bin be shielded from radiation?

A

To prevent fogging of stored films.

C2 (7 decks)

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