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C2 > QUALITY CONTROL AND ASSURANCE > Flashcards

QUALITY CONTROL AND ASSURANCE Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main areas of activity for quality control in radiology?

A

Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Control (QC)

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2
Q

What organization promotes the “Ten-Step Monitoring and Evaluation Process”?

A

The Joint Commission (TJC)

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3
Q

What is the main focus of Quality Assurance (QA)?

A

People, including patient scheduling, reception, and preparation

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4
Q

Who is responsible for a QA program?

A

The radiologist

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5
Q

What does Quality Control (QC) primarily focus on?

A

Instrumentation and equipment

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6
Q

Who is responsible for a QC program?

A

Medical physicist

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7
Q

What is the first step in the TJC’s Quality Assurance Program?

A

Assign responsibility

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8
Q

What is the purpose of routine performance monitoring in QC?

A

To ensure optimal image quality with minimal patient radiation exposure

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9
Q

What is Acceptance Testing in QC?

A

Testing new radiologic equipment before clinical use

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10
Q

What does preventive maintenance in QC aim to do?

A

Make repairs unnecessary by regular maintenance

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11
Q

What is the minimum total filtration required for x-ray beams?

A

2.5 mm Al

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12
Q

How often should collimation be checked?

A

Semiannually

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13
Q

What should the focal-spot size accuracy be within?

A

± 50%

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14
Q

What is the tolerance for kVp calibration accuracy?

A

± 10%

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15
Q

What devices are used to measure kVp calibration?

A

Filtered ion chamber and photodiodes

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16
Q

What is the frequency of exposure timer accuracy testing?

A

Annually

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17
Q

What is the acceptable accuracy for exposure times greater than 10 ms?

A

± 5%

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18
Q

How often should exposure linearity be tested?

A

Annually

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19
Q

What should exposure reproducibility be within?

A

± 5%

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20
Q

What is the function of Positive Beam-Limiting (PBL) collimators?

A

Automatically adjust the x-ray field size to the image receptor size

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21
Q

What is used to measure focal-spot size?

A

Pinhole camera, star pattern, and slit camera

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22
Q

What is a limitation of the star pattern method for focal-spot size measurement?

A

Ineffective for sizes less than 3 mm

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23
Q

What does kVp calibration ensure?

A

The x-ray generator produces the correct energy levels

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24
Q

What happens if the kVp varies by 4%?

A

It affects image optical density and contrast

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25
Q

What is the purpose of Automatic Exposure Control (AEC)?

A

To provide a constant image density regardless of tissue differences

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26
Q

How is exposure linearity determined?

A

Using a precision radiation dosimeter

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27
Q

What should the accuracy of section level in tomographic QC be within?

A

± 2 mm

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28
Q

What is the required minimum half-value layer (HVL) for a single-phase x-ray unit at 70 kVp?

A

1.6 mm Al

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29
Q

What should processor cleaning frequency be?

A

Weekly

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30
Q

How is screen-film contact evaluated?

A

Using a wire mesh pattern and analyzing for blur

31
Q

How often should protective apparel be checked?

A

Annually

32
Q

What is used to measure film illuminator intensity?

A

Photometer

33
Q

What is the minimum intensity for film illuminators?

A

1500 cd/m²

34
Q

What is the tolerance for film illuminator uniformity?

A

± 10% across the surface

35
Q

What is the typical entrance skin exposure (ESE) rate for fluoroscopy in normal operation?

A

≤ 10 R/min (100 mGya/min)

36
Q

What is the entrance skin exposure (ESE) rate limit for interventional procedures?

A

20 R/min (200 mGya)

37
Q

How is automatic brightness stabilization (ABS) system adequacy tested?

A

Using Lucite, aluminum, copper, and lead filters

38
Q

What is the purpose of cassette spot-film in fluoroscopy?

A

To record images based on kVp and mAs settings

39
Q

What is the input exposure rate range for automatic brightness control systems?

A

10-40 μR/s

40
Q

What is the dry-to-dry processing time for a double-capacity processor?

A

3 minutes

41
Q

What is the processing rate for a fast-access system?

A

500 films per hour

42
Q

What temperature should a high development processor be maintained at?

A

35°C (95°F)

43
Q

What is the consequence of nonscheduled maintenance?

A

System failures and unscheduled repair

44
Q

How often should developer temperature be checked in a processor QC program?

A

Daily

45
Q

What kind of maintenance involves routine lubrication and observation of parts?

A

Scheduled maintenance

46
Q

What does preventive maintenance require?

A

Parts replacement at regular intervals

47
Q

What are the characteristics checked in tomographic QC?

A

Section uniformity and level accuracy

48
Q

What should be done if screen-film contact blur appears?

A

Replace the felt or foam pressure pad

49
Q

What method is used for ensuring uniform optical density (OD) in images?

A

Sensitometric strip evaluation

50
Q

How often should film illuminators be photometrically analyzed?

A

Annually

51
Q

What type of device measures radiographic exposure reproducibility?

A

Precision radiation dosimeter

52
Q

What should exposure reproducibility be consistent across?

A

A series of at least three exposures

53
Q

How is the function of backup timers in AEC evaluated?

A

Using a lead filter to terminate exposure

54
Q

What is necessary for processor crossover rack cleaning?

A

Removing and washing with manufacturer-provided fluids

55
Q

What system component needs adjustment if kVp calibration fails?

A

The high-voltage generator

56
Q

What does a precision dosimeter measure in exposure linearity tests?

A

Radiation intensity at various mA and exposure time combinations

57
Q

What is the function of automatic exposure control (AEC) systems in radiography?

A

To maintain consistent image optical density

58
Q

How is focal-spot size tested when a new x-ray tube is installed?

A

Using a pinhole camera, star pattern, or slit camera

59
Q

How frequently should exposure timer accuracy be checked after repairs?

A

More frequently than annually

60
Q

What defines the uniformity in film illuminators?

A

No more than ± 10% variance over the surface

61
Q

What QC evaluation tool is used for measuring focal-spot size?

A

Slit camera

62
Q

What is the purpose of radiographic intensifying screens?

A

To reduce patient radiation dose

63
Q

What is the accuracy tolerance for collimation in radiography?

A

± 2% of the source-to-image distance (SI

64
Q

What QC evaluation ensures x-ray beam quality?

A

Measuring half-value layer (HVL)

65
Q

What is the maximum exposure rate for cineradiography?

A

Unlimited

66
Q

How is tomographic section level accuracy checked?

A

Imaging a hole in a lead sheet

67
Q

What QC measure ensures minimal patient radiation exposure in fluoroscopy?

A

Monitoring entrance skin exposure (ESE) rates

68
Q

What tool measures light intensity in film illuminators?

A

Photometer

69
Q

How often should radiographic intensifying screens be cleaned?

A

Every other month, at minimum

70
Q

What must the measured kVp be within for QC compliance?

A

± 10% of the indicated kVp

71
Q

What must a film illuminator’s intensity exceed?

A

1500 cd/m²

72
Q

How is automatic exposure rate in fluoroscopy verified?

A

Using Lucite, aluminum, or other filters

73
Q

How often should film cassettes be tested for quality?

A

Once or twice a year

74
Q

What is checked during weekly processor maintenance?

A

Observation of moving parts and lubrication

C2 (7 decks)

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