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Rad pro > radioactivity > Flashcards

radioactivity Flashcards

1
Q

Protons and neutrons are packed tightly in the ______, where you find most of the atom’s mass.

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

Since protons repel each other, the ________ allows protons and neutrons to be attracted to each other

A

strong nuclear force

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3
Q

4x stronger than electric force

A

strong nuclear force

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4
Q

protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus co-exist in a state of
peaceful tranquility

A

stable isotopes

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5
Q

Isotopes which spontaneously emit radiation are called

A

“radio-isotopes”

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6
Q

the process in which an unstable atomic
nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation in the form of particles or electromagnetic waves

A

radioactive decay

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7
Q

In 1896, he discovered, almost by accident, that uranium can blacken a photographic plate, even in the dark

A

Henri Becquerel

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8
Q

the Father of Radioactivity

A

HENRI BECQUEREL

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9
Q

Henri Becquerel shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with _____
and ____ _______ “in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous
radioactivity”

A

Pierre and Marie Curie

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10
Q

Radioactive materials such as Uranium was first discovered by Henri Becquerel and was studied extensively by

A

MARIE AND PIERRE CURIE

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11
Q

Marie and Pierre Curie discovered other natural radioactive elements such as

A

Radium and Polonium

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12
Q

From before the creation of the Earth

A

primordial

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13
Q

Formed as a result of cosmic ray interactions

A

cosmogenic

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14
Q

Enhanced or formed due to human actions (minor
amounts compared to natural)

A

human produced

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15
Q
  • Radon from the decay of Uranium and Thorium
  • Potassium-40 - found in minerals and in plants
  • Carbon 14 - found in plants and animal tissue
A

Naturally Occurring Sources

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16
Q

◆ Medical use of Radioactive Isotopes
◆ Certain consumer products - e.g. smoke detectors
◆ Fallout from nuclear testing
◆ Emissions from Nuclear Power

A

manmade sources

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17
Q

types of radioactivity

A

natural and artificial

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18
Q

◆ By existence, there are elements here on Earth that are
radioactive
◆ Found in nature
● Uranium, Thorium, Radium

A

Natural radioactivity

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19
Q

◆ The first major advance occurred in 1930’s with the
invention of the cyclotron by Ernest Lawrence in
Berkeley, California
◆ Enrico Fermi in Rome started systematically exposing
the elements in the Periodic Table to bems of neutrons
● He identified around 40 new radioactive species
and thus was able to show how neutrons that was able to show how neutrons that had been slowed
down prior to interacting with the targets gave
rise to much higher levels of radioactivity

A

Artificial Radioactivity

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20
Q

first major advance occurred in (year) with the
invention of the cyclotron by _______ in
Berkeley, California

A

Ernest Lawrence 1930

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21
Q

in rome, he started systematically exposing
the elements in the Periodic Table to beams of neutrons. He identified around 40 new radioactive species and thus was able to show how neutrons that was able to show how neutrons that had been slowed down prior to interacting with the targets gave rise to much higher levels of radioactivity

A

Enrico Fermi

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22
Q

Is the energy that is released as particles or rays,
during radioactive decay

A

radiation

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23
Q

Is the property of an atom that describes spontaneous changes in its nucleus that create a different element

A

radioactivity

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24
Q

The rate of emission is referred to as a material’s ______

A

activity

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25
Q

each occurrence of a nucleus throwing off particles or energy is referred to as

A

disintegration

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26
Q

The number of disintegrations per unit time (minutes, seconds, or hours) is called the

A

activity of a sample

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27
Q

Activity is expressed in

A

curies

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28
Q

One curie equals

A

37 billion dps

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29
Q

Produced during World War II in Berlin

A

DORAMAD RADIOACTIVE TOOTHPASTE

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30
Q

In the U.S, hundreds of thousands of people began drinking bottled water laced with radium, as a general elixir known popularly as

A

liquid sunshine

31
Q

It was a little strange, Fryer said that when she blew her nose, her handkerchief glowed in the dark. But everyone knew that the paint was harmless. The women even painted their nails and their teeth to surprise their boyfriends when the lights went out

A

radium dials

32
Q

the rate of decay is also known as

A

half-life

33
Q

the time required for the
disintegration of one-half of the radioactive atoms that are present when measurement starts
■ It does not represent a fixed number of atoms thatdisintegrate, but a fraction

A

half-life (t1/2)

34
Q

types of half-life

A

physical, biological, effective

35
Q

The time it takes for a radioactive atom to half its original activity by 50%

A

physical half life

36
Q

Is the time an organism takes to eliminate one half the amount of a compound or chemical on a strictly biological basis

A

biological half-life

37
Q

Incorporates both the radioactive and biological half-lives

A

EFFECTIVE HALF-LIFE

38
Q

It is used when health physicists calculate the dose received from an internal radiation source

A

EFFECTIVE HALF-LIFE

39
Q

tells how quickly the radioactivity from the
radionuclide will decrease

A

half life

40
Q

The number of _____ tells how active it is now

A

curies

41
Q

The series of transformations that a given radionuclide will undergo, as well as the kind of radiation it throws off, are characteristic of the radionuclide

A

decay chain

42
Q

important for planning for the management and disposal of radioactive materials and waste and for site cleanup

A

radionuclide decay chains

43
Q

the increasing concentration
of decay products and
activity is called

A

ingrowth

44
Q

________ for a decay chain occurs when each
radionuclide decays at the same rate it is produced

A

radioactive equilibrium

45
Q

when the production and decay rates of each radionuclide in the decay chain are equal, the chain has reached

A

radioactive
equilibrium

46
Q

the original radionuclide and decay product half-lives are similar

A

TRANSIENT EQUILIBRIUM

47
Q

the original radionuclide has a much longer half-life

A

secular equilibrium

48
Q

the decay product has a longer half-life

A

no equilibrium

49
Q

● stable nuclides of the lighter elements have approximately equal numbers of protons and neutrons
● however, as Z increases the ‘stability line’ curves upwards
● heavier nuclei need more and more neutrons to be stable

A

stability

50
Q

heavier nuclei need more and more _______ to be stable

A

neutrons

51
Q
  • a radio-nuclide above the stability line decays by B-emission
    ● because it loses a neutron and gains a proton, it moves
    diagonally towards the stability line
A

beta decay

52
Q

Is a subatomic particle, which resides in the nucleus of an atom

A

neutron

53
Q

do not have charge. Its mass is 1.674927 X
10^-27 kg, which is slightly higher than the mass of a
proton

A

neutrons

54
Q

the neutrino was postulated first by_______ in 1930 to explain how beta decay could conserve energy

A

Wolfgang Pauli

55
Q

is a subatomic particle with a small mass (similar to
electrons) and no electrical charge. Since there is no
electrical charge, ______ are not affected by the electrical or magnetic forces. It is shown by the letter v(nu)

A

neutrino

56
Q

discovered a much more massive nuclear
particle in 1932 and also named it a “neutron”

A

James chadwick

57
Q

who developed the theory of beta decay,
coined the term “neutrino”

A

enrico fermi

58
Q

is the Italian equivalent of “little neutral one”

A

NEUTRINO

59
Q

is an antimatter particle, the counterpart to
the neutrino

A

antineutrino

60
Q

occurs when the nucleus is too large

A

ALPHA PARTICLE EMISSION

61
Q

when the ratio of neutrons to protons in the nucleus is too low, certain atoms restore the balance by emitting

A

alpha particles

62
Q

it occurs when the neutron to proton ratio is too great in the nucleus and causes instability

A

beta decay

63
Q

many radioactive nuclides decay by

A

B-emission

64
Q

represented by B+

A

positron decay

65
Q

particle with same mass as an electron but
with a positive charge (antimatter version of an electron)

A

positron

66
Q

an electron from the closest energy level falls into the nucleus, which causes a proton to become a neutron

A

ELECTRON CAPTURE

67
Q

a process where a nucleus with excess energy can get rid of that energy without altering its proton or neutron
count

A

internal conversion

68
Q

the excess energy of the nucleus is transmitted to the orbital electron of an atom, which is subsequently
ejected from the atom

A

internal conversion

69
Q

x-rays are emitted as the atom attempts to restore its neutrality

A

INTERNAL CONVERSION

70
Q

sometimes a nucleus that is still unstable after a beta or
alpha decay is still unstable so may emit ______ to become more stable

A

gamma radiation

71
Q

occurs because the nucleus is at too high
an energy

A

gamma decay

72
Q

rather than emitting another beta or alpha particle, this energy is lost by emitting a pulse of electromagnetic
radiation called

A

gamma rays

73
Q

nuclear process in which a nucleus with excess energy following the emission of an alpha particle or a beta particle emits energy without changing its number of protons or neutrons

A

isomeric transition

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