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Rad pro > Basic Concept of Radiation > Flashcards

Basic Concept of Radiation Flashcards

1
Q

The emission of energy as
electromagnetic waves or as
moving subatomic particles,
especially high-energy
particles which cause
ionization

A

radiation

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2
Q

A stream of particles or
electromagnetic waves
emitted by the atoms and
molecules of a radioactive
substance as a result of
nuclear decay

A

radiation

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3
Q

is the process by which ions
are formed by gain or loss of
an electron from an atom or
molecule.

A

IONIZATION

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4
Q

MEANS OF RADIATION ENTRY THROUGH THE BODY

MODES OF ENTRY

A
  1. Inhalation
    2.Ingestion
    3.Absorption/ skin
    cuts
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5
Q

is a constant source of ionizing radiation
present in the environment and emitted from a variety of
sources.

A

Background radiation - NATURAL SOURCES

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6
Q

The sun and stars send
a constant stream of
cosmic radiation to earth much like a steady drizzle of rain

A

natural sources

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7
Q

A source of natural background
radiation, which originates in outer
space and is composed of
penetrating ionizing radiation (both
particulate and electromagnetic).

A

COSMIC BACKGROUND
RADIATION

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8
Q

Electromagnetic radiation emitted
by the Earth’s surface and
atmosphere is called ______ (Arnfield 2020)
Radioactive material is also found
throughout nature such as in soil,
water, and vegetation

A

terrestrial or
long wave radiation

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9
Q

Low levels of Uranium, Thorium, and
their decay products are found
everywhere. Some of these materials are
ingested with food and water, while
others, such as Radon are inhaled.

A

terrestrial radiation

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10
Q

The major isotopes of concern for
terrestrial radiation are Uranium
and the decay products of uranium,
such as Throrium, Radium, and
Radon

A

terrestrial radiation

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11
Q

naturally occurring radioactive gas
which can accumulate in enclosed places,
including houses and other buildings.

A

radon

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12
Q

When a radioactive atom decays, its nucleus,
which is unstable, breaks down, turning into
the nucleus of another element called a

A

daughter product.

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13
Q

In addition to the cosmic and
terrestrial sources, all people also
have:
• radioactive Potassium-40 (K40)
• Carbon-14 (C14)
• Lead-210 (Pb210)
• and other isotopes inside their
bodies from birth.

A

INTERNAL RADIONUCLIDE
(RADIATION)

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14
Q

from one person to
another is not as great as
the variation in dose from
cosmic and terrestrial
sources.

A
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15
Q

It is the primary source of
radiation from the human
body.
The ____ concentration in
the body is fairly high

A

potassium-40

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16
Q

ingested in many
food that we eat and is a
critically important element for
proper functioning of the human
body.
The amount of the radioactive isotope
K40 in a 70-kg person is about
5,000 Bq, which represents 5,000
atoms undergoing radioactive decay
each second

A

potassium

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17
Q

The source of ______
essentially are from human food
derived from plants.
The rates of disintegration of
Potassium-40 and Carbon-14 in
the normal adult body are
comparable (a few thousand
disintegrated nuclei per second).

A

Carbon-14

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18
Q

MAN-MADE RADIATION SOURCES

TWO DISTINCT GROUPS EXPOSED TO
MAN-MADE RADIATION SOURCES

A
  1. Members of the public
    2.Occupationally exposed
    individuals
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19
Q

is any individual except
when that individual is receiving an occupational
dose.

A

members of the public

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20
Q

The most significant source of man-made
radiation exposure to the public is from
medical procedures, such as diagnostic x-
rays, nuclear medicine, and radiation
therapy.
Some of the major isotopes would be
• Iodine-131
• Technicium-99m
• Cobalt-60
• Iridium-192
• Cesium-137 and others

A

Exposure to the public

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21
Q

Members of the public are exposed
to radiation from consumer
products, such as tobacco (Thorium),
building materials, combustible fuels
(gas, coal, etc.), ophthalmic glass,
televisions..

A

Exposure to the public

22
Q

Luminous watches and dials (Tritium),
airport x-ray systems, smoke
detectors (Americium), road
construction materials, electron
tubes, fluorescent lamp starters,
lantern mantles (Thorium), etc.

A

Exposure to the public

23
Q

Of lesser magnitude, members of
the public are exposed to
radiation from the nuclear fuel
cycle, which includes the entire
sequence from mining and milling
of Uranium to the actual
production of power at a nuclear
plant.

A

Exposure to the public

24
Q

The finals sources of exposure to
the public would be shipment of
radioactive materials and residual
fallout from nuclear weapon
testing and accidents, such as
Chernobyl in Ukraine and
Fukushima in Japan.

A

Exposure to the public

25
Q

Is the dose received by an individual in the course of employment in which
the individual’s assigned duties involves exposure to radiation or to
radioactive material.
This does not include the dose received from background radiation, from
any medical administration the individual has received, from exposure to
individuals administered radioactive materials from voluntary participation
in medical research programs, or as a member of the public.

A

occupationally exposed individuals

26
Q

Occupationally exposed
individuals are exposed
according to their
occupations and to the
sources with which they
work.

A

OCCUPATIONAL

27
Q

occupational, Occupationally exposed
individuals, however, are
monitored for radiation
exposure with ______ so
that their exposures are well
documented in comparison
to the doses received by
members of the public

A

dosimeters

28
Q

Pure energy with no mass and is
like vibrating or pulsating waves of
electrical and magnetic energy.
Produces by vibrating electric
charge and as such, they consist of
both an electric and magnetic
componen

A

Electromagnetic radiation

29
Q

Acts like a stream of
small “packets” of
energy called

A

photons

30
Q

Travel in a wave-like pattern
The only difference between the various
types of electromagnetic radiation is the
amount of energy found in the photons.
Electromagnetic radiation travels in a
straight line at the speed of light
(3x10^8m/s)

A

Electromagnetic radiation

31
Q

A changing magnetic field will induce a
changing electric field and vice-versa
(the two are linked)
These changing fields form
electromagnetic waves.

A

Electromagnetic waves

32
Q

differ from
mechanical waves in that they do not
require a medium to propagate.
This means that ______
can travel not only through air and solid
materials, but also through the vacuum
of space.

A

Electromagnetic waves

33
Q

The electromagnetic
energy can be described
by

A

frequency,
wavelength, or energy

34
Q

The number of crests that pass a given point
within one second is described as the

A

frequency
of the wave

35
Q

The unit of frequency is _____, named after
Heinrich Hertz who established the existence of
radio waves.

A

Hertz (Hz)

36
Q

The unit of frequency is Hertz (Hz), named after
_______ who established the existence of
radio waves.

A

Heinrich Hertz

37
Q

Another unit is cycle per second (CPS).
One wave or cycle per second is called a Hertz
(Hz).

A
38
Q

A wave with two cycles that pass a point in one
second has frequency of 2 Hz.

A
39
Q

have crests and troughs
similar to those of ocean waves.

A

Electromagnetic waves

40
Q

The distance between the crests is the

A

wavelength

41
Q

The unit of wavelength is in

A

meter

42
Q

are added
depending on the value of wavelength.

A

Prefixes (micro, nano, femto, kilo)

43
Q

Wavelength is represented by the Greek letter

A

lambda (λ).

44
Q

The shorter the
wavelength, higher the
frequency
The longer the
wavelength, lower
frequency

A
45
Q

An electromagnetic wave can also be
described in terms of its energy.
The unit of energy is called

A

electron volts
(eV) or Joule (J)

46
Q

the amount of kinetic
energy needed to move an electron
through one volt potential.

A

electron volt

47
Q

The shorter the wavelength,
higher the frequency, the higher
the energy of electromagnetic
radiation
The longer the wavelength,
lower frequency, the lower the
energy of electromagnetic radiation

A
48
Q

are related
mathematically such that if you
know one, you can calculate
the other two.

A

All three parameters
(wavelength, frequency, and
energy)

49
Q

are related
mathematically such that if you
know one, you can calculate
the other two.

A

All three parameters
(wavelength, frequency, and
energy)

50
Q

____ and _____ are inversely related to each other

A

wavelength and frequency

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