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Rad pro > basic concept part 2 > Flashcards

basic concept part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

TWO BASIC TYPES OF RADIATION

A

Ø ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
Ø PARTICULATE RADIATION

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2
Q

TYPES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

A

¡ RADIO WAVES
¡ MICROWAVES
¡ INFRARED
¡ VISIBLE LIGHT
¡ ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
¡ X-RAYS
¡ GAMMA RAYS

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3
Q

The range of wavelengths of frequencies over which
electromagnetic radiation extends

A

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

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4
Q

Have the longest wavelength in
the electromagnetic spectrum

A

radio waves

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5
Q

Carry signals for television and
cellular phones

A

radio waves

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6
Q

Basis for all non-written
communication and most wireless
communication

A

radio waves

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7
Q

Radio stations, for example, are
identified through their frequency
of transmission and are called

A

radiofrequency emissions or RF
emissions.

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8
Q

Frequency vary according to
use

A

microwaves

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9
Q

waves that heat our food in a
microwave oven

A

longer microwaves

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10
Q

used in
remote sensing

A

shorter microwaves

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11
Q

Lies between the visible and
microwave portions of the
spectrum

A

infrared

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12
Q

Wavelength of ____is just a
bit longer than that of red rays

Primary source: heat or thermal
radiation

A

infrared

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13
Q

Heats any substance on which it
shines

Maybe considered radiant heat

A

infrared

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14
Q

3 categories of infrared

A

¡ Near-infrared
¡ Far-infrared
¡ Mid-infrared

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15
Q

closest to visible light

A

near-infrared

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16
Q

closest to microwaves

A

far-infrared

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17
Q

region between near and far infrared

A

mid-infrared

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18
Q

The only EM waves visible to
human eyes

Seen as the colors of the
rainbow

A

visible light

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19
Q

has the longest wavelength

A

red

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20
Q

has the shortest
wavelength

A

violet

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21
Q

When all the waves are seen together, they make

A

WHITE LIGHT

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22
Q

Although photons of visible light travel in a straight line, their
course can deviate when they pass from one transparent medium
to another. The deviation in the line of travel is called

A

refraction

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23
Q

Source: the Sun

A

uv

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24
Q

most harmful and are almost
completely absorbed by our
atmospher

A

UV-C

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25
Q

harmful rays that cause
sunburn

A

UV-B

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26
Q

cause burning of the eye
surface (snow blindness or
photokeratitis)

A

UV-A

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27
Q

Has shorter wavelength than visible light

A

uv

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28
Q

closest to visible light or optical light

A

NUV

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29
Q

lies between NUV and EUV; ionizing
radiation completely absorbed by ozone

A

FUV

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30
Q

closest to x-rays and the most energetic
of the 3 regions; ionizing radiation observed by the
atmosphere

A

EUV

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31
Q

Has shorter wavelengths and higher energy than uv waves

A

x-rays

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32
Q

First observed and documented in
1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

A

X-rays

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33
Q

Relatively harmful to the human body, but in controlled doses, can be used
for medical purposes such as imaging the internal structures of the human
body

A

x-rays

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34
Q

Have the smallest wavelength and the
most energy of any other wave in the
EM spectrum

A

gamma rays

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35
Q

Generated by radioactive atoms and in
nuclear explosions

A

gamma rays

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36
Q

Can kill living cells which medicine uses
to its advantage, using gamma rays to
kill cancerous cells

A

gamma rays

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37
Q

the viewing conditions of a radiographic or fluoroscopic
image are critical to diagnosis; described by wavelength

A

visible light

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38
Q

described in terms of energy

A

X and gamma radiation

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39
Q

fundamental to producing a high quality radiograph

A

xray

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40
Q

used in Nuclear Medicine

A

gamma

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41
Q

has become more important in medical imaging with the introduction of MRI; described by frequency

A

RF

42
Q

The only difference between x-rays and gamma rays is their

A

origin

43
Q

are emitted from the electron cloud of an atom, or outside the nucleus

A

xray

44
Q

are emitted spontaneously from radioactive
material, inside the nucleus

A

gamma rays

45
Q

Stream of atomic or subatomic particles that may be positively charged or negatively charged or not at all

A

particulate radiation

46
Q

Atomic or subatomic particles which carry energy in the form of kinetic energy or mass IN MOTION.

At rest, they cannot cause ionization

A

PARTICULATE RADIATION

47
Q

Also known as corpuscular radiation

A

particulate radiation

48
Q

Involves tiny fast-moving particles that have both energy and mass

A

particulate radiation

49
Q

Primarily produced by disintegration of an unstable atom

A

particulate radiation

50
Q

Type of ionizing radiation ejected by the nuclei of some unstable atom

A

alpha particles

51
Q

Relatively heavy, high-energy subatomic particle
equivalent to a helium nucleus consisting of 2 protons and 2 neutrons

A

alpha particles

52
Q

Discovered by Ernest Rutherford in 1899

A

alpha particles

53
Q

Has mass of approximately 4
amu and carries 2 units of
positive electric charge

A

alpha particles

54
Q

Emitted only from the nuclei
of heavy elements (high
atomic numbers)

A

alpha particles

55
Q

¡ Average alpha particle: 4-7 MeV of
KE
¡ Ionizes approximately 40,000 atoms for every centimeter of travel through air
¡ Because of this amount of
ionization, the energy of the

A

alpha particles

56
Q

Very short range in matter

¡ In air, it can travel
approximately 5 cm
¡ In soft tissue, range may be
less than 100 um

A

alpha particles

57
Q

___ from an
external source is nearly
harmless because radiation
energy is deposited in the
superficial layer
¡ If deposited in the body, it
can intensely irradiate the
local tissue

A

alpha particles

58
Q

uses alpha emitters

A

alpha particles

59
Q

may be used to treat cancer

A

radium-226

60
Q

serves as a static eliminator in paper mills
and other industries

A

Polonium-210

61
Q

smoke detectors

A

Americium-241

62
Q

High velocity electrons with an
electrical charge of -1

A

beta particles

63
Q

beta means

A

high speed

64
Q

Light particles with atomic mass number of
0
¡ Carry one unit of negative or positive
charge

A

beta particles

65
Q

credited with the
discovery of beta particles

A

Henri Becquerel

66
Q

In 1900, he showed that beta particles were
identical to electrons.

A

Henri Becquerel

67
Q

originates in the nuclei of
radioactive atoms

A

Negative beta particles

68
Q

It is their excess energy, in the form of
speed, that causes harm to living cells

A

beta particles

69
Q

treatment of thyroid disorders (cancer, Grave’s
disease)

A

Iodine-131

70
Q

radioactive tracer in medical and agricultural
studies; in a controlled manner, used to treat bone tumors

A

Strontium-90

71
Q

life science and drug metabolism studies

A

tritium

72
Q

Positive beta particles

A

positron

73
Q

the antiparticle or the
antimatter counterpart of the electron

A

Positron or anti-electron

74
Q

Has the same mass as an electron and an electric charge
of +1e

A

positron

75
Q

When a low-energy positron collides with a low-energy electron, annihilation occurs resulting in two or more gamma ray photons

A

Electron-Positron Annihilation

76
Q

concluded the
existence of a positive particle of
electronic mass (positive electron) and was
awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1936

A

1932 – Carl D. Anderson

77
Q

the production
of positive electrons by means of
radioactive sources and the identification
of Anderson’s particle with the anti-
electron, whose existence had been
suggested by

A

Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac

78
Q

¡ Are able to penetrate tissues and organs of the human body when the radiation source is outside the body
¡ can also be hazardous if neutron-
emitting nuclear substances are deposited inside the body
¡ High-speed nuclear particles that have an ability to penetrate other materials

A

neutrons

79
Q

A free neutron has a half-life of approximately

A

15 mins

80
Q

the neutron decays via _____ to a proton and an
antineutrino

A

beta decay

81
Q

energies below thermal energies typically
corresponding to meV and sub meV energies (0 to 0.025
eV)

A

cold neutrons

82
Q

neutrons colliding with atomic nuclei
either pick up energy if they are moving slower than the
colliding nucleus, or lose energy if they are moving
faster

A

thermal neutrons

83
Q

generally have energies between 100’s of
eV to 0.5 or 1 MeV

A

slow neutron

84
Q

generally between 0.5 and 10-20 MeV.
These are the energies of neutrons emitted by fission
sources

A

fast neutrons

85
Q

above 20 MeV

A

high energy neutrons

86
Q

primarily occurs inside a nuclear reactor

A

Neutron radiation

87
Q

exist independently and free of any
nucleons; they are unstable outside the nucleus

A

free neutrons

88
Q

TYPES OF RADIATION ACCORDING TO ITS
IONIZING ABILITY

A

Ø IONIZING RADIATION
Ø NON-IONIZING RADIATION

89
Q

Refers to any process by which
electrically neutral atoms or molecules
are converted to electrically charged
atoms or molecules (ions)

A

ionization

90
Q

Radiation that has enough energy to cause the atoms in a molecule to vibrate but
not enough to remove electrons

A

NON-IONIZING RADIATION

91
Q

the energy is converted to heat which can lead to burns, depending on time exposure and energy concentration

A

NON-IONIZING RADIATION

92
Q

¡ Extremely low-frequency radiation
¡ Has very long wave lengths
¡ Frequencies in the range of 100 Hz or less
¡ UV radiation (except the high energy end of the UV-
spectrum), visible light, infrared radiation, microwaves,
and radio waves

A

NON-IONIZING RADIATION

93
Q

Carried by any of several types of
particles and rays given off by
radioactive material, X-ray
machines, and nuclear reactions

A

IONIZING RADIATION

94
Q

Radiation with enough energy so
that during an interaction with an
atom, it can remove tightly bound
electrons from the orbit of an atom,
causing the atom to become
charged or ionized

A

IONIZING RADIATION

95
Q

¡ Includes alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays,
and X-rays
¡ Types: Directly Ionizing and Indirectly Ionizing

A

ionizing radiation

96
Q

Includes charged particles
(electrons, positrons,
protons, alpha particles,
heavy ions) with sufficient
energy to ionize atoms or
molecules

A

DIRECTLY IONIZING RADIATION

97
Q

All directly ionizing
radiation must be moving
at relativistic speeds in
order to carry the required
kinetic energy

A

DIRECTLY IONIZING RADIATION

98
Q

¡ When charged particles
pass through materials they
ionize atoms
¡ Involves a larger energy
transfer event from the
primary charged particle to
an electron of the medium

A

DIRECTLY IONIZING RADIATION

99
Q

This may result in the production of a relatively
energetic secondary electron, often referred to
as a ______ which itself will go on to
produce multiple ionization events

A

delta ray

100
Q

very fast electrons produced in quantity by
alpha particles or other fast energetic charged
particles knocking orbiting electrons out of atoms.
Collectively, these electrons are defined as delta
radiation when they have sufficient energy to ionize
further atoms through subsequent interactions on
their own

A

delta ray

101
Q

tends to deposit its
energy at localized range in materials

A

Directly ionizing radiation

102
Q

deposits it along its whole path

A

ionizing radiation

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