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Instrument Checkride > Radio Navigation Oral Questions > Flashcards

Radio Navigation Oral Questions Flashcards

1
Q

How does Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) work?

A

It is normally tuned automatically with a
paired VHF station (VOR/LOC).

Then, the Airborne DME unit transmits an interrogation signal.

Then, the ground DME facility receives and replies to the interrogation.

Then, the Airborne unit calculates the slant range distance to the station based on the reply time.

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2
Q

What is the indication, when overhead flying the station?

A

Due to slant range error, it does not indicate “0”.

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3
Q

What is slant range negligible to? What is an example?

A

Slant range error is negligible at 1 NM from the DME station per every 1000ft.

For example, at 5000 ft, slant range error is negligible when further than 5 NM of the station.

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4
Q

What is a compass locator? How many watts is it? What is the range? Where is it installed?

A

A low-powered NDB transmitter.

It has at least 25 Watts

It has a 15NM range

It is installed at the OM or the MM on some ILS approaches.

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5
Q

What are some of the limitations of a VOR?

A
  • Cone of Confusion
  • Reverse Sensing (if used correctly)
  • Requires line-of-sight between aircraft and station
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6
Q

What must be logged on a VOR check?

A

D - Date
E - Error (bearing error)
P - Place
S - Signature

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7
Q

What is RNAV? What does it enable?

A
  • Area Navigation
  • RNAV is a system that enables navigation between any two points without the need to overfly ground-based stations.
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8
Q

What are the different types of Area Navigation?

A
  • Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
    (e.g., GPS)
  • VOR/DME RNAV
  • DME/DME RNAV
  • Inertial Reference Unit / System (IRU/ IRS)
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9
Q

What is BARO-VNAV?

A
  • An RNAV system that uses the barometric altitude to compute vertical guidance for the pilot.
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10
Q

What is the Magnetic Reference Bearing (MRB)?

A
  • The published bearing between two waypoints on an RNAV route.
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11
Q

What is Requiremed Navigational Performance (RNP)?

A

A statement of navigation equipment and service performance.

RNAV with navigation monitoring and alerting.

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12
Q

What equipment is needed for LNAV/VNAV minimums?

A
  • Decision Altitude is rachieved by VNAV-approved WAAS, or BARO- VNAV systems.
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13
Q

What equipment is needed for LNAV minimums?

A

Minimum Descent Altitude is achieved by a basic, unaugmented IFR-approved GPS.

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14
Q

What equipment is needed for LPV minimums?

A
  • Decision Altitude minimums require RNP achieved by WAAS.
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15
Q

What is GPS? Who is operated by?

A

GPS is a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) operated by the United States.

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16
Q

Explain GPS? How many satellites are there orbiting Earth? How many are in view at all times?

A

The constellation consists of a minimum of 24 satellites (with some spares) orbiting above the earth at 10,900 NM. The system is designed so that at least 5 satellites are in view at any given location on earth.

17
Q

How does the GPS receiver calculate the distance to the GPS satellite?

A

The Aircraft’s GPS receiver calculates the distance to a GPS satellite based on the time lapse since the broadcast timestamp (obtained from an atomic clock onboard the satellite) and the time it received the signal.

18
Q

What would happen if you only used one GPS satellite to locate yourself?

A

Using only one satellite, the aircraft could virtually be on any point on a sphere surrounding the satellite, with the calculated distance (“pseudo-range”) as the sphere’s radius.

19
Q

How does the GPS use the satellite receivers to calculate the geographical position? Furthermore, how is the course and speed data calculated?

A

The GPS receiver uses the intersection of spheres, from multiple satellites, to calculate the aircraft’s geographical position. Course and speed data are computed from aircraft position changes.

20
Q

How many satellites are required for 2D positioning (latitude and longitude)?

A
  • 3 Satellites
21
Q

How many satellites are required for 3D positioning (latitude, longitude, and altitude)?

A
  • At least 4 satellites
22
Q

What is RAIM? What does it monitor?

A
  • Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring
  • It is a function of GPS receivers that monitors the integrity of the satellite signals.
23
Q

How many satellites does RAIM require to provide Fault detection? What if it doesn’t meet the minimum required satellites, then what will you need?

A
  • RAIM requires a minimum of 5 satellites for fault detection

Or

  • 4 satellites + an altimeter input (baro-aided RAIM)
24
Q

How many satellites are necessary to exclude a corrupt satellite?

A

For fault exclusion, RAIM needs a total of 6 satellites or 5 satellites + Baro-aid.

25
Q

What does the GPS CDI Deflection needle show?

A

Distance

26
Q

What does the VOR CDI needle show?

A

The angular distance off course

27
Q

What navigational equipment should you check before every IFR flight?

A
  • Check GPS NOTAMS
  • Check available RAIM prediction on your receiver
28
Q

What are GPS Augmentation Systems? What are they measuring?

A

Improves the accuracy of GPS by measuring errors received by reference stations at known geographical locations and then broadcasting those errors to supported GPS receivers.

29
Q

What is WAAS? Where is located?

A

Wide Area Augmentation System

  • Europe
  • In the U.S.
30
Q

How does WAAS work?

A

Ground stations (Wide-area Reference Stations and Wide-area Master Stations) measure GPS errors and produce
correction signals. These corrections are broadcasted back to the satellite segment from which they are bounced back
to aircraft GPS WAAS receivers to improve accuracy, integrity and availability monitoring for GPS navigation.

31
Q

What is SBAS? What does it comprise of?

A

Satellite Based Augmentation System

  • WAAS
  • Covers a wide area
  • It facilitates APV approaches such as LPV and LNAV/VNAV and LP approaches.
32
Q

What is Performanced Based Navigation (PBN)?

A

PBN is a general basis for navigation equipment standards, in terms of accuracy, integrity, continuity, availability and functionality for specific operation contexts (e.g., final approach, enroute, missed approach).

33
Q

When navigating from VOR to VOR, when do you change frequencies to maintain course guidance?

A

At that point depicted on the airway as the changeover point

In the absence of a changeover point, the halfway point on the airway

Whenever there is a bend in an airway

34
Q

What are the dimensions of victor airways?

A

Victor airways begin at 1200’ AGL and extend up to 17,999’ MSL.

The width is 8nm (4nm from each side of the centerline)

35
Q

What is DME? When is DME equipment required?

A

DME is distance measuring equipment. It is a separate ground station that may be collocated with a VOR, ILS, or localizer. It provides slant range distance in NM. When using VOR navigation above 24000, DME or a suitable RNAV system is required.

36
Q

How many degrees of deviation does each dot represent? What angular deviation from a VOR course is represented by half-scale deflection of the CDI?

A

Each dot represents 2° of deviation. Half scale deflection is 5° off course.

37
Q

Where can you find the location of airborne, ground and VOT testing stations?

A

Chart Supplement (see back cover)

38
Q

What are the different methods for checking the accuracy of VOR equipment?

A

VOT
Ground Check
Airborne
Airway
Dual VOR

Instrument Checkride (16 decks)

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