Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MRT Year 1 Semester 1 > Radiation Protection Quiz to Final Review > Flashcards

Radiation Protection Quiz to Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is used to assess the impact of gonadal dose?

A

GSD: genetically significant dose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Temporary sterility can occur in males and last as long as 12 months with a dose of _________?

A

2Gy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the most pronounced effect of exposure within the first weeks of fertilization?

A

Prenatal death, very rare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 major considerations when constructing a radiology departments protective barriers

A
  • location in institution
  • barriers
  • adjoining rooms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What about location in the institution must be considered ?(protective barriers)

A
  • basment, main floor, upper floor: kind of clients, size of elevators
  • infrastructure in the existing or new department
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

2 common materials for barriers

A
  • lead

- concrete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can good communication with the patient do?

A
  • Reduce anxiety and stress

- Increase chances of successful x-ray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

4 types of patient shield. Describe

A
  • Flat Contact shield: made of lead strips 1mm thick. Most effective for AP
  • Shadow Shield: radiopaque material hang over the area of clinical interest to cast a shadow in the primary beam over reproductive organs
  • Clear Lead Shield: transparent lead. Organic material impregnated with 30% lead by weight
  • Shaped Contact Shield: contoured to enclose the male reproductive organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Design of an x-ray room rules

A
  • Adequate working space for tech
  • SHOULD be self closing door, but MUST have “unauthorized entry prohibited” sign
  • no one can enter the room without the tech knowing
  • beam only directed towards primary barriers
  • wall detectors must have primary shielding
  • radiation must be absorbed as close to the patient as possible
  • control booth and window are secondary barriers
  • radiation must scatter at least twice before entering control booth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Another name for bone marrow dose?

A

Mean marrow dose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Calculating barrier thickness

A
  • location of controlled vs. Uncontrolled areas
  • max kVp
  • distance from radiation source
  • occupancy on other side of barrier
  • use of unit or time tube is energized
  • workload of unit
  • intrinsic shielding (leakage)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens if an exposure is taken and the SID is too short? Too long?

A

Too short: overexposed, may need to repeat

Too long: underexposed, may need to repeat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Lead apron specs for pregnant staff

A

90% attenuation at 75 kVp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Controlled areas maximum exposure according to SC35

A

20mSv/yr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What must be considered about adjoining rooms? (Protective barriers) and 2 types of adjacent rooms

A
  • amount of time occupied
  • type of occupancy
  • controlled
  • uncontrolled
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Irradiation of an unborn fetus increases risk of ________ and _______ effects.

A
  • somatic

- genetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

0.1mm lead =

A
  • 0.5mm steel
  • 1.2mm glass
  • 2.8mm gypsum
  • 19mm wood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Use factors (from chart)

A

Primary Barriers:
U=1: full use, floor of radiation room, walls near upright detector, any walls/door/ceiling exposed to direct beam
U=1/4: partial use, door and wall areas not normally exposed to direct beam
U=1/16: occasional use, ceiling areas not normally exposed to direct beam
Secondary Barriers:
U=1: full use, scatter emerges in all directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Who do you contact if the patient in unsure about pregnancy status

A

Referring physician

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Most common SIDs for technique charts in Canada?

A

100, 110, 150, 180cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ESE

A

Entrance skin exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When are the ovaries most radiosensitive? Least radiosensitive

A

Fetal stage, childhood, and after approx. 30yrs old until menopause
Least radiosensitive from 20-30 yrs old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

7 methods to reduce patient dose

A
  • shielding
  • collimation
  • technical factors
  • Quality control
  • equipment
  • communication
  • filtration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is included in a Radiation survey report?

A
  • Schematic of location, equipment, booth, and surrounding areas
  • Equipment identification and type of tube support
  • Observation of electrical and mechanical operation
  • Actual or estimated total workload
  • Result of radiation readings, both in and outside of controlled area
  • Estimate of potential exposures
  • Assessment of equipment, techniques, DRLs, restraints, filtration
  • recommends improvements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the first and most important step in gonadal protection?

A

Collimation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Most genetic mutations are _______?

A

Recessive traits: both male and female must have the gene for it to be produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Primary barrier materials

A
  • Lead bonded to sheet rock or wood panelling
  • Concrete, cinder blocks, or brick

1/16th” lead = 4 inches of brick
0.4mm lead = 24mm concrete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the role of the responsible user?

A
  • Monitor and manage safety programs
  • Implement image quality assurance program
  • Oversees equipment safety and performance reports
  • ensure equipment is used properly
  • etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the occupancy factors? (T)

A

Takes into account the time that the space behind the barrier is occupied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

SC 35 guidelines to exposing a pregnant patient

A
  • exposure should be as low as possible
  • shield if possible
  • patient should be positioned prone- gets rid of softer rays
  • don’t use x-rays to see position of fetus
  • well collimated, well shielded, AP/PA and lateral views only
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

3 types of PBL

A
  • Aperture Diaphragm
  • Cones
  • Cylinders
  • (Variable Aperture Collimator)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Protective staff clothing should be tested ________ and must be tested ________

A

Should: semi-annually
Must: annually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

ColEfD

A
  • collective effective dose
  • used when a population has been exposed by a radiation accident
  • EfD of an individual x # of people
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What things are taken into account when measuring fetal dose?

A

-x-ray unit used
-projection taken
-#of images
-exposure factors used
-SID
-patient measurements
For fluoro and spot films: also exposure time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Secondary barrier materials

A
  • gypsum
  • glass
  • lead-infused acrylic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Who is ultimately responsible for radiation safety of the entire facility?

A

The owner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

NCRP

A

National Council on Radiation Protection

-US corporation, determines how ICRP recommendations are incorporated into the US radiation protection criteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does quality control do?

A

Ensures production of optimal images

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Uncontrolled area maximum exposure

A

1mSv/yr

-pediatrics 0.30mSv/yr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Purpose of radiation surveys?

A

Ensures the x-ray and auxiliary equipment is working within SC35 standards and adhered to radiation protection act of alberta
Ensured proper equipment installation and provides max radiation protection for everyone

41
Q

4 major concerns in radiology and fetus exposure are?

A
  • congenital abnormalities
  • spontaneous abortion
  • metal retardation
  • childhood malignancy
42
Q

Thickness of a barrier depends on_______?

A
  • distance between the barrier and radiation source

- where the tube is situated when energized: upright, table, x-table

43
Q

What is workload and Workload formula

A

mAs x (days/week) x (patient/day) x (films/patient)

Weekly radiation use of the unit (mA-min/wk or mAs/wk)

44
Q

What is ESE?

A

Absorbed dose to the most superficial layer

45
Q

EqD

A
  • Equivalent Dose

- the biological effect of radiation type R having a radiation factor WR

46
Q

What is use factor?

A

Fraction of workload when the beam is on and directed towards a barrier

47
Q

How much mA-min/wk is classed as a busy radiology room? Slow room?

A

Busy: greater than 500mA-min/wk
Slow: less than 100mA-min/wk

48
Q

When are primary barriers required?

A

Whenever the primary beam is directed at a structure

49
Q

Rules for staff protection

A
  • Decrease time in room
  • Increase distance from tube and patient
  • Always use shielding
  • Never stand in the primary beam
  • ALARA also applies to our exposure
50
Q

What is the greatest radiation hazard to the tech?

A

Patients

51
Q

What is an uncontrolled area?

A
  • occupied routinely by other staff/general public

- bathroom, waiting room, change room

52
Q

Permanent sterility in a males and females is most likely to occur with a dose of _______?

A

5-6Gy

53
Q

What is GSD?

A

The EqD that can bring about genetic injury

54
Q

7 methods to reduce patient dose

A
  • Shielding
  • Collimation
  • Technical Factors
  • Quality Control
  • Equipment
  • Communication
  • Filtration
55
Q

What happens if a fetus is irradiated in the first 2-12 weeks of development?

A
  • skeletal and organ abnormalities
  • central nervous system abnormalities
  • neonatal death of abnormalities are severe enough
56
Q

What is the ten-day rule?

A

X-rays should be taken in the ten-day period after menstruation begins because there is a low probability of pregnancy

57
Q

EfD for occupational radiation exposure

A
  • Whole body: 20mSV
  • Eyes: 150mSV
  • Skin, hand, and other organs: 500mSV
58
Q

Minimum lead required in aprons

A

0.25mm

59
Q

Occupancy Factors (from chart)

A

T=1: offices, labs, wards, nursing stations, living quarters, any other area that is normally occupied while the tube is energized
T=1/2: patient examination and treatment rooms
T=1/5: corridors, patient rooms, staff lounges, staff restrooms
T=1/8: corridor doors
T=1/20: public restrooms, vending areas, storage rooms, outdoor sitting areas, patient holding areas
T=1/40: outdoor areas with pedestrian or vehicle traffic, parking lots, drop-off areas, stairways, closets

60
Q

Types of stationary barriers

A
  • Primary barrier: absorbs primary beam

- Secondary barrier: absorbs misdirected scatter and leakage

61
Q

3 ways patient dose can be established?

A
  • ESE/ESD
  • Gonadal dose
  • Bone Marrow Dose
62
Q

What are dose limits?

A

Dose of radiation that is not expected to produce a significant effect

63
Q

Ways to protect staff from exposure

A
  • mobile walls
  • bucky slot shielding device
  • image intensifier curtain
  • radiologist
64
Q

7 factors that need considering when determinin necessary shielding for a DI room

A
  • Primary or secondary barriers
  • Distance from radiation source (D)
  • Occupancy Factor of the area (T)
  • Controlled or Uncontrolled areas
  • Workload (W)
  • Maximum and average tube potential and output
  • Use Factor (U)
65
Q

3 types of radiation that may be in an x ray room

A
  • scatter
  • leakage
  • primary
66
Q

All radiographic rooms MUST have a detailed floor plan that indicates

A
  • location of control panel: dimension, shape, size, location
  • location of the equipment within the room
  • range of movement of the tube
67
Q

What is the outcome if an exposure is taken at an SID that is too short?

A

Overexposed, may need to repeat

68
Q

2 methods to determine ESE?

A
  • Nomogram: graph

- Calculations

69
Q

Ideal kVp and mAs combo?

A

High kVp, low mAs

70
Q

Another name for use factor?

A

Beam direction factor

71
Q

What is used for the average kVp calculations of a room?

A

100kVp

72
Q

Who calculates fetal dose after all the info is supplied to them?

A

Medical physicist

73
Q

What is the purpose of protection standards groups?

A

To help to form recommendations for EfD and EqD

74
Q

ESE helps the medical physicists approximate the fetal dose based on several factors (list factors)

A
  • kVp
  • mAs
  • SID
  • Beam filtration
  • tube output per minute (in fluoro)
75
Q

Two types of movement?

A

Voluntary and involuntary

76
Q

Minimum amount of lead in protective equipment?

A
  • Aprons: 0.35mm
  • Shielded barriers: wall (0.3-2.0mm) hanging (0.5mm)
  • Gloves: 0.25mm
  • Glasses: 0.35
  • Thyroid collars: 0.5mm
77
Q

Maximum dose for fetus for entire pregnancy?

A

4.0mSv

78
Q

ICRP

A

International Commission on Radiologic Protection

-international authority regarding the safe use of ionizing radiation

79
Q

TEDE

A
  • total effective dose equivalent
  • lifetime effective dose
  • age in years x 10mSV
80
Q

9 Safety equipment requirements from SC 35

A
  1. Warning signs
  2. Markings
  3. Mechanical stability
  4. Indicator lights
  5. Indication of loading factors
  6. Irradiation Control
  7. Controlling Timer
  8. X-ray tube shielding
  9. X-ray beam filtration
81
Q

How is the optimum technique for a patient determined?

A
  • patient thickness

- composition

82
Q

UNSCEAR

A

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation

  • provides help for radiation guidelines
  • evaluates human and environmental ionizing radiation exposures
83
Q

NRC

A

Nuclear Regulatory Commission

84
Q

Types of radiation and how to calculate them

A
  • primary radiation: total primary = mR/mAs x mA x time
  • Scatter (secondary): mR @ patient x 0.1% @ 1m
  • Leakage (secondary): must never exceed 1mGy/hr OR 100mR/hr @1m
85
Q

NAS/NRC-BEIR

A

National Academy of Sciences/Nation Research Council Committee on Biologic Effects of Ionizing Radiation
-advisory group that reviews studies of biological effects of ionizing radiation and risk assessments

86
Q

Shielding plans should take into consideration what 2 things?

A
  • advances in radiation technology

- ALARA becoming stricter

87
Q

What is the main priority of department design and safety?

A

-to protect the people from radiation exposure above current exposure limits

88
Q

EfD

A
  • Effective dose
  • the biological effect of radiation on tissue types. Tissue having a radiation weighting factor WT
  • measured overall risk of exposing body to radiation
89
Q

Doses higher than ______ may deplete mature sperm (maturation depletion)

A

0.1Gy

90
Q

10 specific radiographic equipment rules from SC 35

A
  1. Radiation output reproducibility: same exposure 10 times w/same output
  2. Radiation output linearity: different combos of mA and time
  3. Irradiation switch
  4. Automatic exposure control
  5. Current time product limit
  6. Accuracy of loading factors
  7. Minimum irradiation time capability
  8. Beam limiting devices
  9. Radiation/light field alignment
  10. Focal spot marking
91
Q

What is the purpose of filtration?

A

‘Hardens’ bean by absorbing low energy photons, reduces patient dose

92
Q

After puberty, doses as low as _______ may cause suppression and /or delay of menstruation?

A

0.1Gy

93
Q

What is a controlled area?

A
  • immediate areas where x-ray equipment is used
  • occupied by monitored personel
  • procedure rooms and control booth
94
Q

Doses of _______ can cause temp. sterility in females?

A

2Gy

95
Q

What is bone marrow dose?

A

Average radiation dose to all active bone marrow

96
Q

Distance of the barriers depends on _________

A

The type of exposure the barrier receives

97
Q

When calculating shielding, do we take into account the scatter from the patient?

A

No

98
Q

4 methods to evaluate for and protect potential early pregnancies

A
  • questions
  • signs on doors and in change rooms
  • elective bookings
  • ten-day rule
99
Q

What is the major contributor to gonadal dose?

A

Medical x-rays

MRT Year 1 Semester 1 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions