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MRT Year 1 Semester 1 > Anatomy Review - Quiz 2 and later > Flashcards

Anatomy Review - Quiz 2 and later Flashcards

1
Q

Right-sided HF

  • symptoms
  • causes
A
  • back up of blood in the lung (because of left-sided HF) is too much for the RV
  • dilation of the RV, RA, and SVC (cardiomegaly), edema in lower extremities
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2
Q

What is anemia? What is it caused by? How does it appear on x-ray?

A
  • Abnormally low levels of RBCs in the blood
  • caused by low iron, chronic blood loss, or malignant tumor
  • patients appear pale, fatigue, shortness of breath, increased heart rate and respiration
  • appears as osteoporosis in bones, medullary canals wider
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3
Q

Branches of Aorta (from left to right)

A
  • Left Subclavian Artery
  • Left Common Carotid Artery
  • Brachiocephalic Trunk
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4
Q

Addison’s Disease and side effects

A

Insufficient production of cortisone

  • hyperglycemia, weight loss, fatigue
  • enlargment of adrenal glands visualized by MRI and CT
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5
Q

What is an embolus?

A

-clot (fat, air, plaque, amniotic fluid) moving through the blood stream

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6
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

-a clot on the inside lumen of the vessel (attached to wall)

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7
Q

Describe specific humoral/adaptive immunity

A
  • run by B-cells
  • plasma cells: antibodies
  • memory cells: remember the pathogen
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8
Q

Heart Failure types

A
  • Left-sided HF (congestive heart failure)

- Right-sided HF

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9
Q

Cushings Syndrome

A
  • excess levels of glucocorticoids in the blood stream caused by pituitary/adrenal gland pathologies, but mostly from treatment of inflammation with antiinflammatories
  • obese trunk of body, buffalo hump, moon face, loss of bone densifty and muscle mass
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10
Q

Myocardial Infarction and its symptoms

A
  • death of heart muscle from blockage in the coronary arteries (heart attack)
  • chest pain
  • shortness of breath
  • numbness/tingling in left arm
  • sweating profusely
  • pale
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11
Q

Diabetes Mellitus and its types

A
  • high blood sugar levels
  • Type 1: jeuvenile, body doesn’t produce insulin
  • Type 2: adults, body doesn’t recognize insulin anymore
  • increase thirst, increased urine production, infection, gangrene from decreased circulation (sticky blood)
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12
Q

What hormone(s) does the pituitary gland produce?

A

Posterior: stores ADH which stops production of urine
Anterior:
-TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone
-GH: growth hormone
-ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone (stimulates adrenal glands)

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13
Q

Pulmonary edema

A
  • build up of fluid in the interstitial spaces if the lung parenchyma due to increase pulmonary venous pressure
  • caused by left-sided heart failure, but may originate from valve disease, left-atrial tumor, or lymphatic blockage
  • “drowning from the inside out”
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14
Q

Types of aneurysms

A
  • (Saccular)/Berry: bulge on one side of vessel
  • Fusiform: bulge on both sides of vessel
  • Dissecting: blood in walls of vessel
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15
Q

Atherosclerosis

-most commonly in what vessels?

A
  • hardening of the arteries due to “porridge”-build up of plaque, build up of WBCs and platelets, or a thrombus
  • most commonly in abdominal aorta, common iliacs, femoral, cerebral, coronary arteries
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16
Q

Describe cell mediated immunity

A
  • run by T-cells

- if they get overrun they send a “help” signal to the B-cells

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17
Q

The important types of WBCs:

A

-lymphocytes
-monocytes
Both are non-granular

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18
Q

What are the layers of the heart?

A
  • Pericardial Sac (parietal pericardium)
  • Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
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19
Q

Atrial septal defect (patent foramen ovale)

A
  • hole between the right atrium and left atrium fails to close off
  • blood from the left atrium flows to the right atrium and through the circuit again
  • enlargement of affected vessels/parts
  • increased lung markings
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20
Q

Ventricular septal defect

A
  • abnormal opening between the right and left ventricles
  • blood flows from the left ventricle to the right ventricle
  • enlargement of left ventricle, left atrium, and pulmonary trunk, increased lung markings
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21
Q

Difference between myelocytic and lymphocytic leukemia

A
  • Myelocytic: causes increase in WBCs in bone marrow, radiolucent bands in metaphyses
  • Lymphocytic: causes increase in WBCs in lymphatic, swollen gland and lymphnodes, enlarged spleen
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22
Q

Arrythmia

-types

A
  • any condition where the heart cannot beat normally
  • bradycardia: slow heart rhythm
  • tachycardia: rapid heart rhythm
  • premature contractions: heart contractions that occur before the expected time
  • fibrillation: individual cardiac muscle contractions are out of sync
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23
Q

What hormone does the parathyroid glands secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormone: increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone

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24
Q

What does hyperpituitarism cause?

A

Giantism: in children
Acromegaly: in adults

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25
Q

What does the thyroid gland secrete?

A
  • Thyroid hormone: speeds up metabolic processes

- Calcitonin: decreases blood calcium levels

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26
Q

Diabetes Insipidus and side effects

A

Antidiuretic hormone insufficiency caused by trauma to the head
-polyuria and intense thirst

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27
Q

Dwarfism

A

Underproduction of growth hormone (hypopituitarism)

Short limbs, but body is proportional

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28
Q

Blood composition

A
  • 55% plasma

- 45% formed elements

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29
Q

Graves Disease

A
  • most common cause of hyperthyroidism
  • over secretion of thyroid hormone
  • seating, tremors, exophthalmus, weight loss, nervousness
30
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A
  • decreased levels of parathyroid hormone

- tetany, respiratory paralysis, death

31
Q

What does hypopituitarism cause?

A

Achondroplasia

32
Q

Angina

  • what is it caused by
  • symptoms
  • what can fix it
A
  • coronary artery disease
  • arteries are stenosed, but not occluded
  • can be fixed by nitroglycerin
33
Q

DVT

A

Deep vein thrombosis

  • blood clot formed in a lower extremity vein
  • caused by trauma, bacterial infection, prolonged bed rest, and oral contraceptives
  • pulmonary embolism (piece breaks off and get stuck in lung vessels)
  • anticoagulants or thrombolytic therapy
34
Q

Signs and symptoms on leukemia

A
  • profound fatigue
  • Spongy gums
  • sudden onset of acute hemorrhagic episodes (nosebleeds, gums bleed)
  • bone pain/weakness
  • prone to infection
35
Q

What do the pancreatic islets secrete?

A

Glucagon: increases blood sugar levels
Insulin: decreases blood sugar levels

36
Q

Types of acute leukemia

A
  • Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia: primary in children

- Acute Myelocytic Leukemia: 80% adults

37
Q

Kinds of lymphocytes

A
  • T-lymphocytes: thymus gland
  • B-lymphocytes: blood stream
  • NK- killer cells (don’t go to school, they just kill)
38
Q

Giantism

A

And overproduction of growth hormone (hyperpituitarism) in children, before growth plates are fused

39
Q

A loss of bone density caused mostly by aging or meopausal changes is?

A

Osteoporosis

40
Q

Hashimoto’s disease

A
  • low thyroid hormone in adults

- low energy, cold, personality changes, weight gain

41
Q

Coronary Artery Disease

A
  • hardening of the CORONARY ARTERIES leading to ischemia or necrosis of heart tissue
  • fatigue
  • shortness of breath
  • cold
  • chest pain (crushing/severe)
  • can lead to myocardial infarction or angina pectoris
  • high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking,
42
Q

What can is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves Disease: the body produces antibodies that mimic TSH so TH is constantly produced

43
Q

Arrythmias can cause?

A
  • Ventricular fibrillation: immediately life threatening (AED)
  • Atrial fibrillation: can be treated through atrial ablation
44
Q

What do the adrenal glands secrete?

A

Adrenal medulla: epinephrine, norenephrine

Adrenal Cortex: cortisol

45
Q

What may lead to ARDS?

A

Pulmonary embolism

46
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriosis

A
  • duct between aorta and pulmonary artery remains open after birth (usually closes within 30mins)
  • blood from the aorta gets put back into the pulmonary artery and has to flow through the circuit again
47
Q

Congenital hypothyroidism is called?

A

Cretinism: short stature, flattened nose, widened eyes

48
Q

Arteriosclerosis

  • what is it?
  • symptoms/what can it cause?
A
  • hardening of the arteries anywhere in the body

- raised blood pressure (hypertension), ischemia

49
Q

Aneurysm and its causes

A
  • enlargement of an artery/weakening of the wall

- caused by CAD, arteriosclerosis, genetics, trauma

50
Q

Tetralogy of fallot

A
  • pulmonary valve (trunk)stenosis: narrowing
  • superior ventricular septal defect
  • overriding aorta: aorta opens to both ventricles
  • right ventricle hypertrophy: heart working too hard
51
Q

What hormone(s) does the pineal gland produce?

A

Melatonin: regulates sleep/wake patterns

52
Q

Acromegaly

A

And overproduction of growth hormone (hyperpituitarism) in adults after growth plates are fused

53
Q

Left-sided heart failure and causes

A
  • occurs when left ventricle can’t pump blood effectively (fast enough/enough volume
  • CAD, high BP due to arteriosclerosis, valve disease
54
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A
  • Over-secretion of parathyroid hormone causing increased blood calcium levels
  • decreased bone density, kidney stone
55
Q

Valvular disease

A

-heart valve is stenotic
-heart valve is insufficient and cannot close properly, regurgitation of blood
cause “heart murmur”
-most commonly in mitral valve or aortic valves

56
Q

What keeps blood flowing?

A
  • Heart Beat
  • Systolic/Diastolic Pressure
  • Vasodilation
  • Valves in veins
  • Venous heart (calf muscles)
  • Blood pressure gradient
  • Breathing
57
Q

The valves of the heart are an extension of the _____?

A

Endocardium

58
Q

Types of chronic leukemia

A
  • Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: mostly adults

- Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia: 20% of all cases, good prognosis

59
Q

Functions of different blood cells

A
  • RBC (erythrocytes): carry oxygen
  • WBC (leukocytes): infection control
  • Platelets (thrombocytes): blood clotting
60
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A
  • Collects blood plasma that did not return to blood (lymph) and WBC waste from the interstitial space
  • maintains blood volume
61
Q

Most anterior part of the heart?

A

Right atrium

62
Q

What can hypothyroidism cause?

A

Goiter: enlargement of the thyroid
Myxedema: metabolism slowed down
Cretinism: congenital hypothyroidism-low thyroid during fetal development

63
Q

Where is blood pressure highest and lowest?

A

Highest: aorta
Lowest: vena cava

64
Q

What is lymphoma?

A
  • cancer of the B and T cells in the lymphnodes, bone marrow, liver, and GI tract
  • symptoms mimic the flu
  • enlarged mediastinal lymphnodes, pleural effusion in 1/3 of patients
65
Q

The life cycle of a lymphocyte: where formed, what do they do?

A
  • start out in bone marrow
  • go to school
  • learn to recognize the difference between self and non-self
66
Q

What is a lumen?

A

The inside of an artery or vein

67
Q

What would cause circulatory shock?

A
  • Neurogenic shock (loss of vasodilation)
  • Heart is impaired
  • Occlusion (blood clot)
  • Blood loss (hemorrhage)
68
Q

Varicose veins

A
  • veins that are permanently dilated and tortuous because of blood that has pooled in them
  • most often found in superficial veins of the lower extremities
  • caused by congenital weakness of valves/venous walls, hemostasis caused by pregnancy or occupations that require a lot of standing
  • compression stockings, leg elevation, surgical removal
69
Q

Angina pectoris

A

-severe chest tightness that radiates to jaw, neck, and left arm because of temporary insufficient supply of oxygen to the heart

70
Q

Coarctation of aorta

A
  • stenosis of aorta
  • ligamentum arteriosus is too tight, forms bulges on aorta
  • body builds collateral vessels to get blood past
  • decreased blood flow to lower limbs and abdomen
  • *most common cause of hypertension in children**
  • aorta looks like a “3”
71
Q

What are the immune system’s lines of defense?

A
  • 1st: physical barrier: skin, mucous, fluid, hair
  • 2nd: inflammation: to contain pathogens
  • 3rd: cell mediated/specific humoral immunity/adaptive immunity: specific to pathogen

MRT Year 1 Semester 1 (9 decks)

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