Anatomy Review - Quiz 2 and later Flashcards
Right-sided HF
- symptoms
- causes
- back up of blood in the lung (because of left-sided HF) is too much for the RV
- dilation of the RV, RA, and SVC (cardiomegaly), edema in lower extremities
What is anemia? What is it caused by? How does it appear on x-ray?
- Abnormally low levels of RBCs in the blood
- caused by low iron, chronic blood loss, or malignant tumor
- patients appear pale, fatigue, shortness of breath, increased heart rate and respiration
- appears as osteoporosis in bones, medullary canals wider
Branches of Aorta (from left to right)
- Left Subclavian Artery
- Left Common Carotid Artery
- Brachiocephalic Trunk
Addison’s Disease and side effects
Insufficient production of cortisone
- hyperglycemia, weight loss, fatigue
- enlargment of adrenal glands visualized by MRI and CT
What is an embolus?
-clot (fat, air, plaque, amniotic fluid) moving through the blood stream
What is a thrombus?
-a clot on the inside lumen of the vessel (attached to wall)
Describe specific humoral/adaptive immunity
- run by B-cells
- plasma cells: antibodies
- memory cells: remember the pathogen
Heart Failure types
- Left-sided HF (congestive heart failure)
- Right-sided HF
Cushings Syndrome
- excess levels of glucocorticoids in the blood stream caused by pituitary/adrenal gland pathologies, but mostly from treatment of inflammation with antiinflammatories
- obese trunk of body, buffalo hump, moon face, loss of bone densifty and muscle mass
Myocardial Infarction and its symptoms
- death of heart muscle from blockage in the coronary arteries (heart attack)
- chest pain
- shortness of breath
- numbness/tingling in left arm
- sweating profusely
- pale
Diabetes Mellitus and its types
- high blood sugar levels
- Type 1: jeuvenile, body doesn’t produce insulin
- Type 2: adults, body doesn’t recognize insulin anymore
- increase thirst, increased urine production, infection, gangrene from decreased circulation (sticky blood)
What hormone(s) does the pituitary gland produce?
Posterior: stores ADH which stops production of urine
Anterior:
-TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone
-GH: growth hormone
-ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone (stimulates adrenal glands)
Pulmonary edema
- build up of fluid in the interstitial spaces if the lung parenchyma due to increase pulmonary venous pressure
- caused by left-sided heart failure, but may originate from valve disease, left-atrial tumor, or lymphatic blockage
- “drowning from the inside out”
Types of aneurysms
- (Saccular)/Berry: bulge on one side of vessel
- Fusiform: bulge on both sides of vessel
- Dissecting: blood in walls of vessel
Atherosclerosis
-most commonly in what vessels?
- hardening of the arteries due to “porridge”-build up of plaque, build up of WBCs and platelets, or a thrombus
- most commonly in abdominal aorta, common iliacs, femoral, cerebral, coronary arteries
Describe cell mediated immunity
- run by T-cells
- if they get overrun they send a “help” signal to the B-cells
The important types of WBCs:
-lymphocytes
-monocytes
Both are non-granular
What are the layers of the heart?
- Pericardial Sac (parietal pericardium)
- Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
Atrial septal defect (patent foramen ovale)
- hole between the right atrium and left atrium fails to close off
- blood from the left atrium flows to the right atrium and through the circuit again
- enlargement of affected vessels/parts
- increased lung markings
Ventricular septal defect
- abnormal opening between the right and left ventricles
- blood flows from the left ventricle to the right ventricle
- enlargement of left ventricle, left atrium, and pulmonary trunk, increased lung markings
Difference between myelocytic and lymphocytic leukemia
- Myelocytic: causes increase in WBCs in bone marrow, radiolucent bands in metaphyses
- Lymphocytic: causes increase in WBCs in lymphatic, swollen gland and lymphnodes, enlarged spleen
Arrythmia
-types
- any condition where the heart cannot beat normally
- bradycardia: slow heart rhythm
- tachycardia: rapid heart rhythm
- premature contractions: heart contractions that occur before the expected time
- fibrillation: individual cardiac muscle contractions are out of sync
What hormone does the parathyroid glands secrete?
Parathyroid hormone: increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone
What does hyperpituitarism cause?
Giantism: in children
Acromegaly: in adults
What does the thyroid gland secrete?
- Thyroid hormone: speeds up metabolic processes
- Calcitonin: decreases blood calcium levels
Diabetes Insipidus and side effects
Antidiuretic hormone insufficiency caused by trauma to the head
-polyuria and intense thirst
Dwarfism
Underproduction of growth hormone (hypopituitarism)
Short limbs, but body is proportional
Blood composition
- 55% plasma
- 45% formed elements
Graves Disease
- most common cause of hyperthyroidism
- over secretion of thyroid hormone
- seating, tremors, exophthalmus, weight loss, nervousness
Hypoparathyroidism
- decreased levels of parathyroid hormone
- tetany, respiratory paralysis, death
What does hypopituitarism cause?
Achondroplasia
Angina
- what is it caused by
- symptoms
- what can fix it
- coronary artery disease
- arteries are stenosed, but not occluded
- can be fixed by nitroglycerin
DVT
Deep vein thrombosis
- blood clot formed in a lower extremity vein
- caused by trauma, bacterial infection, prolonged bed rest, and oral contraceptives
- pulmonary embolism (piece breaks off and get stuck in lung vessels)
- anticoagulants or thrombolytic therapy
Signs and symptoms on leukemia
- profound fatigue
- Spongy gums
- sudden onset of acute hemorrhagic episodes (nosebleeds, gums bleed)
- bone pain/weakness
- prone to infection
What do the pancreatic islets secrete?
Glucagon: increases blood sugar levels
Insulin: decreases blood sugar levels
Types of acute leukemia
- Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia: primary in children
- Acute Myelocytic Leukemia: 80% adults
Kinds of lymphocytes
- T-lymphocytes: thymus gland
- B-lymphocytes: blood stream
- NK- killer cells (don’t go to school, they just kill)
Giantism
And overproduction of growth hormone (hyperpituitarism) in children, before growth plates are fused
A loss of bone density caused mostly by aging or meopausal changes is?
Osteoporosis
Hashimoto’s disease
- low thyroid hormone in adults
- low energy, cold, personality changes, weight gain
Coronary Artery Disease
- hardening of the CORONARY ARTERIES leading to ischemia or necrosis of heart tissue
- fatigue
- shortness of breath
- cold
- chest pain (crushing/severe)
- can lead to myocardial infarction or angina pectoris
- high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking,
What can is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
Graves Disease: the body produces antibodies that mimic TSH so TH is constantly produced
Arrythmias can cause?
- Ventricular fibrillation: immediately life threatening (AED)
- Atrial fibrillation: can be treated through atrial ablation
What do the adrenal glands secrete?
Adrenal medulla: epinephrine, norenephrine
Adrenal Cortex: cortisol
What may lead to ARDS?
Pulmonary embolism
Patent Ductus Arteriosis
- duct between aorta and pulmonary artery remains open after birth (usually closes within 30mins)
- blood from the aorta gets put back into the pulmonary artery and has to flow through the circuit again
Congenital hypothyroidism is called?
Cretinism: short stature, flattened nose, widened eyes
Arteriosclerosis
- what is it?
- symptoms/what can it cause?
- hardening of the arteries anywhere in the body
- raised blood pressure (hypertension), ischemia
Aneurysm and its causes
- enlargement of an artery/weakening of the wall
- caused by CAD, arteriosclerosis, genetics, trauma
Tetralogy of fallot
- pulmonary valve (trunk)stenosis: narrowing
- superior ventricular septal defect
- overriding aorta: aorta opens to both ventricles
- right ventricle hypertrophy: heart working too hard
What hormone(s) does the pineal gland produce?
Melatonin: regulates sleep/wake patterns
Acromegaly
And overproduction of growth hormone (hyperpituitarism) in adults after growth plates are fused
Left-sided heart failure and causes
- occurs when left ventricle can’t pump blood effectively (fast enough/enough volume
- CAD, high BP due to arteriosclerosis, valve disease
Hyperparathyroidism
- Over-secretion of parathyroid hormone causing increased blood calcium levels
- decreased bone density, kidney stone
Valvular disease
-heart valve is stenotic
-heart valve is insufficient and cannot close properly, regurgitation of blood
cause “heart murmur”
-most commonly in mitral valve or aortic valves
What keeps blood flowing?
- Heart Beat
- Systolic/Diastolic Pressure
- Vasodilation
- Valves in veins
- Venous heart (calf muscles)
- Blood pressure gradient
- Breathing
The valves of the heart are an extension of the _____?
Endocardium
Types of chronic leukemia
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: mostly adults
- Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia: 20% of all cases, good prognosis
Functions of different blood cells
- RBC (erythrocytes): carry oxygen
- WBC (leukocytes): infection control
- Platelets (thrombocytes): blood clotting
What does the lymphatic system do?
- Collects blood plasma that did not return to blood (lymph) and WBC waste from the interstitial space
- maintains blood volume
Most anterior part of the heart?
Right atrium
What can hypothyroidism cause?
Goiter: enlargement of the thyroid
Myxedema: metabolism slowed down
Cretinism: congenital hypothyroidism-low thyroid during fetal development
Where is blood pressure highest and lowest?
Highest: aorta
Lowest: vena cava
What is lymphoma?
- cancer of the B and T cells in the lymphnodes, bone marrow, liver, and GI tract
- symptoms mimic the flu
- enlarged mediastinal lymphnodes, pleural effusion in 1/3 of patients
The life cycle of a lymphocyte: where formed, what do they do?
- start out in bone marrow
- go to school
- learn to recognize the difference between self and non-self
What is a lumen?
The inside of an artery or vein
What would cause circulatory shock?
- Neurogenic shock (loss of vasodilation)
- Heart is impaired
- Occlusion (blood clot)
- Blood loss (hemorrhage)
Varicose veins
- veins that are permanently dilated and tortuous because of blood that has pooled in them
- most often found in superficial veins of the lower extremities
- caused by congenital weakness of valves/venous walls, hemostasis caused by pregnancy or occupations that require a lot of standing
- compression stockings, leg elevation, surgical removal
Angina pectoris
-severe chest tightness that radiates to jaw, neck, and left arm because of temporary insufficient supply of oxygen to the heart
Coarctation of aorta
- stenosis of aorta
- ligamentum arteriosus is too tight, forms bulges on aorta
- body builds collateral vessels to get blood past
- decreased blood flow to lower limbs and abdomen
- *most common cause of hypertension in children**
- aorta looks like a “3”
What are the immune system’s lines of defense?
- 1st: physical barrier: skin, mucous, fluid, hair
- 2nd: inflammation: to contain pathogens
- 3rd: cell mediated/specific humoral immunity/adaptive immunity: specific to pathogen
