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MRT Year 1 Semester 1 > Radiation Protection > Flashcards

Radiation Protection Flashcards

1
Q

Equivalent Dose

A
  • measured in grays (Gy)

- biological effect of radiation type R with weighting factor Wr

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2
Q

Deterministic effects

A
  • have a threshold

- cataracts, fibrosis, organ atrophy

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3
Q

Thermoluminescent (TLD)

A
  • device containing small lithium fluoride chips functioning as sensing agents
  • energized electrons are excited and get trapped in the crystaline lattice
  • when read, release visible light-light proportional to dose received
  • not affected by environment
  • higher cost
  • Recalibration required after each reading
  • can be reused
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4
Q

Effective Dose

A
  • measured in sieverts (Sv)

- biological effect on tissue types. T having a weighting factor Wt

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5
Q

RBE

A

Relative biological effectiveness

-the comparison of radiation with different LETs abilities to produce the same biological effect

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6
Q

Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau

A

The radiosensitivity of a cell is a function of the metabolic state of the cell
-the more mature and specialized and cell’s function is, the less radiosensitive it is (ones that reproduce less rapidly)

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7
Q

Pocket Ionization Chambers

A
  • most sensitive
  • self-reading and non-self-reading
  • when exposed the air surrounding the central electrode ionizes the discharges the dosimeter in direct proportion to the exposure
  • needs a special unit to charge and zero unit
  • can discharge over time
  • must be read and zeroed everyday
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8
Q

What is radiation?

A

The transfer of kinetic energy that passes from one location to another

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9
Q

Annual maximum permissible dose for a radiation worker vs. student

A

Worker: 20mSv
Student: 1mSv

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10
Q

Cerebrovascular Syndrome

A
  • 50Sv
  • damage to and failure of CNS
  • nausea, vomiting, cranial edema, meningitis
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11
Q

Stages of ARS

A
  • Prodromal: occurs within hours after exposure-nausea, vomiting
  • Latent: lasts about a week, no symptoms
  • Manifest illness: signs and symptoms of hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and cerebrovascular syndromes start to show
  • Recovery or death
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12
Q

Effective dose equation

A

EfD = D x Wr x Wt

Absorbed dose x Wr = EqD
EqD x Wt = EfD

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13
Q

Who discovered X Rays and when

A

1895, Wilhelm Roentgen

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14
Q

Hormesis

A

The theory that small doses of radiation can benefit you

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15
Q

Cardinal Rules of X Ray

A

Time
Distance
Shielding

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16
Q

Types of Radiation

A

Natural: terrestrial, cosmic, internal

Mad-made: diagnostic imaging, research, etc.

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17
Q

Body’s defenses against free radicals

A
  • Antioxidants-vitamins A, C, E can all donate and electron to the radical to neutralize it
  • Enzymes: naturally target free radicals
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18
Q

LET

A

Linear energy transfer

-the energy transferred from ionizing radiation to a medium as it passes through per unit length

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19
Q

Electromagnetic Wave Equation

A

C=f(wavelength)

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20
Q

3 ways free radicals can harm

A
  • Cell membrane disruption
  • Reactions with proteins/enzymes: affect their functions
  • Reactions with DNA: most dangerous-mutations occur
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21
Q

Stochastic Effects

A
  • dont have a threshold

- cancer effects, genetic effects, birth defects

22
Q

Gastrointestinal Syndrome

A
  • 6-10Sv
  • damage to epithelial cells of GI tract
  • nausea, vomiting, infection, anemia, fluid loss
23
Q

Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL)

A
  • thin layer of aluminum oxide-read using a laser light
  • luminesces in proportion to radiation eposure
  • worn up to 1yr
  • more sensitive than TLD
  • filter packs (aluminum, tin, copper) cause different degree of attenuation of radiation hitting the detector
  • recalibrated after each reading, ideal for pregnant workers and low radiation areas
24
Q

Speed of light

A

3x10^8

25
Q

Absorbed Dose

A

Measurement of energy transferred from ionizing radiation per unit mass of irradiated material
Measure in:
Rads (r)
Gray (Gy)

26
Q

Protraction vs. Fractionation

A

Protraction: a specific radiation dose given continually, but slowly
Fractionation: same dose rate given in equal fractions or parts

27
Q

Types of Personnel Dosimeters

A

Film Badges
Thermoluminescent Dosimeter
Optically Stimulated Luminescence
Pocket ionization chambers

28
Q

X Ray interactions with matter

A 
Photoelectric absorption
Compton Scatter
Coherent Scatter
Photodisintegration
Pair Production
29
Q

Wave equation

A

V=f(wavelength)

30
Q

Interactions at the Anode Target

A

Bremsstrahlung Radiation

Characteristic Radiation

31
Q

Properties of X Rays

A
  • Invisible
  • No mass
  • Travel in a vacuum
  • Travel in a straight line
  • Can penetrate the human body
  • Can be absorbed or scattered
  • ployenergetic , heterogenous
  • Can cause chemical and biological damage
  • Can cause chemical changes to occur in radiographic and photographic film
  • Electrically neutral
  • Cannot be optically focused
  • Produced in a range of energies
  • Can produce secondary radiation
  • Can cause things to fluoresce
32
Q

Target Theory

A

If the master molecule of a cell in damaged by radiation, the cell will die

33
Q

Occupational Exposure

A

Measured in:
rem
Sieverts

34
Q

Exposure in Air

A

A measure of the ionization of air produced by x rays and gamma rays
Measured in:
Roentgen (R)
C/kg coulombs/kilogram

35
Q

OER

A

Oxygen enhancement ratio
-radiation dose required to produce biological response without O2/radiation dose required to produce biological response with O2

36
Q

Who needs dosimeters?

A

Any person occupationally exposed to ionization regularly
Workers who may be at risk of receiving 1/20th or more of the maximum permissible dose
Any workers who may receive 1% of the EfD (0.05mSv) in any one month

37
Q

Hematopoietic Syndrome

A
  • 1-10Sv

- decrease in blood cells, platelet numbers, and bone marrow stem cell numbers

38
Q

Film badges

A
  • records whole body exposure at a low rate for long periods of time
  • records densities by the filters on the film
  • film is permanent record
  • sensitive to extreme temp and humidity-can become fogged
39
Q

Pair Production Energy Range

A

1.022 MeV +

40
Q

Photodisintegration Energy Range

A

10MeV +

41
Q

Photoelectric Absorption Energy Range

A

As long as the incident photon energy is higher than the binding energy of the electron

42
Q

Compton Scatter Energy Range

A

50keV

43
Q

Coherent Scatter Energy Range

A

Less then 10keV

44
Q 
Atomic numbers:
Lung
Muscle
Bone
Fat
A

Lung: 7.4
Muscle: 7.4
Bone: 13.8
Fat: 6.3

45
Q

Differential Absorption

A

The difference in absorption of x rays by different body tissues

46
Q

Absorption + Scatter

A

Attenuation

47
Q

When does the photoelectric effect increase?

A
  • low kVp
  • high atomic #
  • increased thickness of matter
  • increased density of matter
48
Q

What impact does photoelectric effect have on radiography?

A
  • increased contrast

- increased patient dose

49
Q

2 factors that determine the energy of a Compton interaction

A
  • angle of deflection

- energy of incident photon

50
Q

ARS

A

Acute radiation syndrome: an illness caused by whole body exposure of high doses of radiation

MRT Year 1 Semester 1 (9 decks)

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