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x.umn radiology > Radiation Protection > Flashcards

Radiation Protection Flashcards

1
Q

every living organism is exposed to constant low dose radiation. what is this radiation?

A

background radiation

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2
Q

natural radiation exposure arises from external (_______) and internal (_____) sources

A

external = cosmic, natural terrestrial radionuclides

internal = ingested or inhaled radionuclides

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3
Q

amount of radiation per year
background =
medical =
consumer =

A 
background = 3.0 mSv
medical = 3.1 mSv
consumer = 0.1 mSv
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4
Q

quantity of radiation or energy absorbed

A

Gray (Gy) and rad (radiation absorbed dose)

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5
Q

dose equivalent to Gy

A

Sievert (Sv) and rem (rad equivalent mammal)

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6
Q

1 Sv = ___ rem

A

100 rem

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7
Q

most US cities experience ____ mSv

A

3.0-4.0 mSv

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8
Q

mSv for CT scan

A

1.5 mSv

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9
Q

mSv for dental diagnosis

A

0.1 mSv

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10
Q

mSv for consumer products

A

0.10 mSv

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11
Q 
background radiation sources
radon = 
terrestrial =
internal =
space =
A 
radon = 73%
terrestrial = 7%
internal = 9%
space = 11%
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12
Q

man-made radiation exposure

  • CT =
  • nuclear medicine =
  • interventional radiography =
  • conventional radiography =
  • consumer product =
  • dental =
A
  • CT = 46%
  • nuclear medicine = 25%
  • interventional radiography = 14%
  • conventional radiography = 10%
  • consumer product = 4%
  • dental = 1%
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13
Q

3 guiding principles

A
  • justification (benefits > risks)
  • optimization (reduce exposure)
  • dose limitation (limit dose so no one is exposed to high radiation dose
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14
Q

Radiation protection in Dentistry

year? Issue No.?

A

2003, No. 145,

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15
Q

need for new NCRP guideline after the 2003 edition

A
  • No formal guidelines on safe/effective use
  • CBCT, digital radiographs, hand-held x-ray units in wide use
  • CBCT often viewed as an “improved” PAN
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16
Q

new Radiation Protection in Dentistry & OM year

A

2019

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17
Q

primary focus of 2019 guideline

A
  • CBCT
  • digital radiography
  • hand-held x-ray machine
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18
Q

BWX rectangular collimation effective dose (mSv)

A

5

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19
Q

FMX round collimation, D speed effective dose

A

388 mSv

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20
Q

FMX rectangular collimation F speed effective dose (mSv)

A

35

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21
Q

PAN effective dose (mSv)

A

9-24

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22
Q

FMX rectangular collimation CCD (digital) effective dose (mSv)

A

17

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23
Q

chest CT effective dose (mSv)

A

5800

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24
Q

means of reducing dental exposure

A
  • fastest film, digital sensor
  • 60 to 70 kVp
  • lone cone
  • rectangular collimation
  • stand at least 6 feet away form x-ray machine
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25
Q

when you are taking radiographs, stand at least _____ away from source

A

6 feet

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26
Q

people who are exposed to radiation (3 main groups)

A
  • occupationally exposed
  • non-occupationally exposed
  • patients
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27
Q

occupational exposure can be reasonably regard as being the _____

A

responsibility of management

28
Q

occupationally exposure excludes ____

A

medically/dental exposure

29
Q

in occupational exposure, individual monitoring (is/is not) needed to classify occupationally exposed individuals

A

is not needed

30
Q

individual monitoring dose per year for occupational exposure

A

1 mSv/year

31
Q

annual average dose to US dental workers radiation exposure

A

0.2 mSv

32
Q

__-% of dental workers receive measurable dose (____mSv)

A

32%, 0.7mSv

33
Q

non-occupationally exposed members are/are not receiving radiation as a patient

A

are not receiving radiation

34
Q

example of non-occupationally exposed

A

dental receptionist, members of adjacent office, families in waiting room

35
Q

is there a dose limit for non-occupationally exposed? for patients?

A

yes for non-occupationally exposed; no for patients

36
Q

ALARA

A

as low as reasonably achievable

37
Q

if we reduce dose to patient, we reduce dose to ____________ individuals

A

non-occupationally and occupationally exposed

38
Q

collimation requirements
circular =
rectangular =

A 
circular = 2.76"
rectangular = 2.0"
39
Q

rectangular collimation of x-ray beam ___ be used for PA and BWX radiographs and ____ be used for occlusal

A

shall, should

40
Q

receptor-holding devices ____ be used whenever possible

A

shall

41
Q

______ should be used to minimize any unnecessary radiation

A

leaded aprons and collars

42
Q

MN regulation of lead aprons: use of lead apron if radiation exposure is within __ inches of ____

A

two, gonads

43
Q

thyroid shielding ___ be provided for patients when it will not interfere with examination

A

shall

44
Q

protective aprons and thyroid shields ____ be evaluated for damage quarterly

A

should

45
Q

patient should not _____

A

hold films by fingers

46
Q

film holding device considerations (no law requirements)

A

ease of use, stability, cost/maintenance

47
Q

increasing kVp from 70 to 90 reduces dose by ___

A

23%

48
Q

operating potentials of intraoral dental x-ray units _____ be less than 60kVp and _____ be >80kVp

A

shall not, should not

49
Q

a barrier of radiation-absorbing material used to reduce radiation exposure to _____ or ____ beam of radiation

A

primary, usable

50
Q

in the absence of a barrier, the operator ___ remain at least ___ but preferably ____. If distance cannot be maintained, then a barrier ___ be provided

A

shall, 2m, 3m, shall

51
Q

occupancy factor for administrative office/lab/pharmacy/waiting area/children’s play area

A

T = 1

52
Q

occupancy factor for patient exam room, treatment room

A

T = 1/2

53
Q

occupancy factor for inside corridors/employee lounges/staff toilets

A

T = 1/5

54
Q

occupancy factor for public toilets, unattended vending areas, storage rooms, patient holding area

A

T = 1/20

55
Q

occupancy factor for unattended parking lots, attics, stairways, unattended elevators, janitor closet

A

T = 1/40

56
Q

lower kVp _____ radiographic contrast

A

increases

57
Q

there is a ____ diagnostic benefit from high contrast film

A

limited

58
Q

3 sources of radiation

A

primary, scattered, leakage

59
Q

if operator is within the room (and has no barrier) then he/she should stand _____ to central ray and _________

A

90-135 degrees; 45 degrees from the exit beam

60
Q

if you are taking Mx PA, exit beam will be…

A

out of the back of the patient’s head

61
Q

did you look at position slide on Radiation Protection handout?

A

I hope! We are most likely going to be tested on this!

62
Q

conventional building materials _____ be sufficient for dental installations

A

may be (could not be)

63
Q

workload equation

A

mA x minutes/week

64
Q

areas where employees have significant potential for exposure to radiation in the course of their assignments OR where employees are directly responsible for radiation

A

controlled area

65
Q

degree of occupancy of the area in question while the source is in the “ON” condition and emits radiation

A

occupancy factor

x.umn radiology (15 decks)

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