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x.umn radiology > Nature of Atomic Radiations > Flashcards

Nature of Atomic Radiations Flashcards

START of exam 2 material

1
Q

anything that has mass and occupies space

A

matter

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2
Q

two types of models for atoms

A

classical, standard

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3
Q

nucleus characteristics

A
  • composed of P and N
  • 99.998% of mass
  • net positive charge
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4
Q

orbital electrons characteristics

A
  • 0.002% of mass

- net negative charge

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5
Q

atoms with single nucleus, with 0 neutrons

A

Hydrogen (H)

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6
Q

larger atom/element, 74 protons in nucleus

A

Tungsten (W)

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7
Q

Z-number is the…

A

atomic number (proton number)

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8
Q

Z-number tells number of protons and ____ (net ___ charge)

A

electrons, neutral

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9
Q

atomic mass number =

A

protons + neutrons

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10
Q

A-number is the…

A

atomic mass number

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11
Q

***elements with different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons

A

isotopes

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12
Q

orbitals differ in the ______ from the nucleus

A

distance and energy

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13
Q

inner orbitals are ____ tightly bound than outer orbitals

A

more

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14
Q

higher the _____ the higher the binding energy for any particular orbital

A

Z #

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15
Q

formation of an ion pair

A

ionization

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16
Q

isotopes
same _____
different ___

A

same protons; different neutrons

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17
Q

how many isotopes does H have?

A

3

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18
Q

how many isotopes does C have? Which is most common?

A

6, 6C12 (“carbon 12”)

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19
Q

too many or too few neutrons make nuclide unstable or _____

A

radioactive

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20
Q

neutrons ____ protons

A

stabilize

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21
Q

nuclei of radioactive isotopes

A

radionuclides

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22
Q

why are radioactive isotopes unstable?

A

imbalance in number between protons and neutrons

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23
Q

to become stable, radionuclides eject _____ and _____

A

particles (P, N, alpha, beta) and EM radiation (gamma radiation)

24
Q

ejection of particles and radiation

A

radioactivity

25
Q

process of energy ejection

A

nuclear disintegration

26
Q

nuclear disintegration continues until ___ is achieved

A

stability

27
Q

time after which the activity decays to half its original value

A

half-life

28
Q

half-life never really becomes zero, it just becomes ____

A

very, very small

29
Q

measuring half-life applies from ____

A

any starting point

30
Q

Tc99 half-life

A

6 hours

31
Q

If a radioactive material with 100 Bq of activity and a half life of 1 hour, how much activity will remain in 3 hours?

A

100 > 50 (1 half life)
50 > 25 (2 half lives)
25 > 12.5 (3 half lives)

12.5 Bq

32
Q

energy acquired by an e- when it passes through an electrical potential difference of one volt

A

electron volt (eV)

33
Q

eV ultimately influences ___

A

x-ray beam

34
Q

transfer of energy through space and matter

A

radiations

35
Q

two types of radiation

A
  • particulate radiation

- Electromagnetic radiation

36
Q

transfer of energy by high velocity subatomic particulates

A

particulate radiation

37
Q

energy of particulate radiation is ____

A

kinetic energy

38
Q

increase ______, increase kinetic energy

A

mass of particle

39
Q

increase velocity of particle, ____

A

increase kinetic energy

40
Q

rate of loss of energy as a particle moves through an absorber

A

linear energy transfer (LET)

41
Q

increase mass of particle, ____

A

increase LET

42
Q

increase charge of particle, ____

A

increase LET

43
Q

increase velocity of particle, ______

A

decrease LET

44
Q

increase chemical composition (Z #), thickness, or density of absorber, ______

A

increase LET

45
Q

non-particulate radiation includes

A

entire electromagnetic spectrum

46
Q

two theories of EMR

A
  • wave theory

- quantum theory

47
Q

wavelength measured ____

A

between crests/troughs

48
Q

number of oscillations, vibrations, “waves”, or cycles per ____

A

frequency, per second

49
Q

c = (lambda)(velocity) describes relationship between…

A
  • velocity
  • frequency
  • wavelength
50
Q

increase frequency, ___ of EMR

A

increase energy

51
Q

decrease frequency, _______ of EMR

A

decrease energy

52
Q

increase wavelength, ______ of EMR

A

decrease energy

53
Q

decrease wavelength, _____ of EMR

A

increase energy

54
Q

ranking of EMRs in order of decreasing energy

A

gamma rays, x-rays, UV rays, visible light, infrared, microwave, radio

55
Q

red light is…

A

longest wavelength, lowest energy

56
Q

violet light is…

A

shortest wavelength, highest energy

57
Q

dental x-rays use…

A

polychromatic beam

x.umn radiology (15 decks)

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