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x.umn radiology > Nature of Digital Radiography > Flashcards

Nature of Digital Radiography Flashcards

1
Q

radiograph with no film, based on computer’s interpretation of how much radiation reached receptor

A

digital radiograph

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2
Q

analog image (no numerical values), based on size/distribution of metallic silver particles

A

conventional film

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3
Q

direct systems

A

CCD, CMOS, some flat panels

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4
Q

in direct systems, image travels ______ from receptor to computer screen

A

immediately

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5
Q

direct systems can have ___ sensors that are more ____ for patient

A

bulkier, uncomfortable

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6
Q

indirect systems

A

photostimulable phosphor (PSP) sensors, some flat panels

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7
Q

in indirect systems, images must be ___ from PSP sensor, so you do not ____ get image

A

scanned, immediately

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8
Q

indirect sensors are ____/___ and can be more _____

A

thinner/flexible, comfortable

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9
Q

image receptor name

A

film, detector, sensor

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10
Q

flat panel detectors are used in _____ for things such as ________

A

extraoral radiograph, whole skull/CBCT

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11
Q

array of pixels (picture elements) on a thin wafer of silicon

A

charged-coupled devices (CCD)

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12
Q

______ ___ is an intensifying screen on a CCD that converts ____ photons to ____ photons

A

scintillating coating, x-ray, light

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13
Q

light photons knock e- free in _____ silicon layer, leaving behind “electron holes” which are ______ charged

A

positive, positively

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14
Q

e- holes are attracted to negative silicon layer, stored as a ___ ___

A

charge packet

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15
Q

charge packets are read-out by sensor electronics row-by-row in a _____ ____

A

bucket brigade

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16
Q

______ convert charge signals to digital (numerical) info

A

ADC analog-to-digital converter

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17
Q

CMOS stands for

A

complimentary metal oxide semiconductor

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18
Q

simpler circuit design where there is no bucket brigade but rather each pixel has its own read-out device

A

CMOS

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19
Q

PSP composed of…

A

europium-activated barium fluorohalide

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20
Q

read-out of PSP: trapped e- return to ___ energy state and ___ ____ which is then turned to digital info

A

lower, emit light

21
Q

PSP stores a portion of energy as e- trapped in ____ energy states

A

higher

22
Q

PSP needs to be “_____” with bright light before using

A

“erased”

23
Q

PSP should be processed _____

A

ASAP

24
Q

things that can degrade a PSP image

A
  • waiting to process
  • heat (releases light the same way a light does)
  • bright light in room
25
Q

in digital radiography, each pixel signal intensity is stored as a _____

A

number

26
Q

the higher the bit depth, the ___ shades of grey

A

more

27
Q

our eyes can only detect ______ shades of grey depending on viewing conditions

A

20-50

28
Q

ability to see difference between different greyscale values

A

contrast resolution

29
Q

capacity for distinguishing fine detail which is limited by ____ ____

A

spatial resolution, pixel size

30
Q

spatial resolution is measured in ______

A

line pairs

31
Q

the higher the line pair, the ___ the resolution

A

higher

32
Q

line pairs
intraoral film =
digital images =
eyes =

A
  • greater than 20 line pair/mm
  • 7-10 line pairs/mm
  • 4-6 line pairs/mm
33
Q

____ can overcome the resolution limit of our eyes

A

magnification

34
Q

ability to respond to small amounts of radiation

A

detector sensitivity

35
Q

detector sensitivity impacted by…

A
  • detector efficiency
  • pixel size
  • system noise
36
Q

increased sensitivity means you need _______ to get an image

A

less exposure/dose

37
Q

detector sensitivity classifiers for intraoral, extraoral, digital

A 
intraoral = by speed (D, E, F, etc.)
extraoral = screen/film combo
digital = no agreed upon classifier
38
Q

ability to capture a range of x-ray exposures/dose and still procedure acceptable image

A

detector latitude

39
Q

detector latitude:
CCD and CMOS have a ____ range
PSP have a ____ range

A

narrow, wider

40
Q

a detector with a high sensitivity (does/does not) necessarily have high latitude

A

does not

41
Q

glassy/glossy/reflective screen monitors can be ______ in ________

A

problematic, bright viewing environments

42
Q

limited viewing ____ can be ___ for interpretation on monitors

A

angles, problematic

43
Q

the change in stimulus that will be just noticeable is a constant ratio of the original stimulus

A

weber’s law

44
Q

term for reducing file size while preserving 100% of data

A

lossless

45
Q

term for reducing file size while losing data

A

lossy

46
Q

international standard language for electronic communication of digital image

A

DICOM

47
Q

DICOM stands for…

A

digital imaging and communications in medicine standard

48
Q

image enhancements

A
  • brightness/contrasts
  • sharpening
  • color
  • magnification
  • filters to modify noise
49
Q

digital radiography advantages

A

-instant images
-consistent quality
-high signal:noise ratio
-image manipulation
-lower radiation
dose
-easy to store and transfer

x.umn radiology (15 decks)

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