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Patient care > Radiation Protection > Flashcards

Radiation Protection Flashcards

1
Q

What type of dose-response relationship is characterized by an early response to a high-dose exposure?

A

Deterministic (nonstochastic)

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2
Q

What type of dose-response relationship is characterized by a late response to low-dose exposure?

A

Stochastic (probabilistic)

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3
Q

What is described as a measure of the rate at which energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to soft tissue?

A

LET (linear energy transfer)

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4
Q

What are two example of radiation induced conditions that follow a linear non threshold dose-response relationship?

A

Genetic effects, radiation-induced cancer leukemia

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5
Q

Skin effects that result from fluoroscopic exposure follow what type of dose-response relationship?

A

nonlinear (sigmoid), threshold dose response

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6
Q

What type of effects are described as:”those biologic somatic effects of ionizing radiation that exhibit a threshold dose below which the effect does not normally occur and above which the severity of the biologic damage increases”?

A

Non-stochastic (deterministic) effect

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7
Q

What is the cellular component having the greatest radiobiological significance?

A

DNA

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8
Q

What effect does the presence of oxygen have on radio sensitivity?

A

oxygen increase radiosensitivity

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9
Q

Which of the following ionizing radiations has the highest LET? alphabet,gamma

A

alpha

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10
Q

What is the term used to describe the human sequence of events following high-level radiation exposure, and leading to death in a short time?

A

Acute radiation syndrome

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11
Q

List the three major types of acute radiation syndrome?

A

Hematological, gastrointestinal. and CNS (central nervous system)

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12
Q

Which of the three types of acute radiation syndrome requires the least amount of ionizing radiation dose to occur?

A

hematological

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13
Q

Wr for gamma
Wr for X
Wr for Alpha

A

1
1
20

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14
Q

Describe the energy and LET of occupational radiation

A

Low energy and low LET

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15
Q

Give two example of common local tissues that can be affected by ionizing radiation

A

skin, lens of eye, chromosomes

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16
Q

Erythema can be an effect of excessive ionizing radiation exposure to what body part?

A

skin

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17
Q

List the following in order of decreasing radio sensitivity: skin, lungs, gonads, liver

A

Gonads, lungs, liver, skin

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18
Q

Radiation-induced biological damage to living organism is termed ____ effects

A

somatic

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19
Q

Nonstochastic effects may also be referred to as ___ effects

A

deterministic

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20
Q 
Fill in the NCRP-recommended dose limits
Lens of eye (annual)
Embryo/fetus (1 mo)
Thyroid (annual)
Skin, hands, and feet (annual)
Gonads (annual)
A 
Lens of eye (annual) 150 mSv
Embryo/fetus (1 mo) 0.5 mSv
Thyroid (annual) 500 mSv
Skin, hands, and feet (annual) 500 mSv
Gonads (annual) 50 mSv
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21
Q

Somatic effects that occur within minutes, hours, days, or weeks after initial irradiation are termed

A

early, or short, effects

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22
Q

What minimum radiation dose is required in order for acute radiation syndrome (ARS) to occur?

A

100 rad (1 gy)

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23
Q

The latent period (in ARS) decreases as radiation exposure ___

A

increase

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24
Q

How dose oxygenation affect cell/tissue radiosensitivity?

A

The presence of oxygen increases cell/tissue radiosensitivity

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25
Q

What is the LD 50/30 for adult human

A

300 to 400 rad (3-4 Gy)

26
Q

A dose of 200 rad (2 Gy) to the skin can cause a radiaotion-induced reddening, termed __-

A

erythema

27
Q

Ionizing radiation-induced hair loss is termed__

A

epilation or alopecia

28
Q

What is the name of the particular radio sensitivity male sex cell?

A

Spermatogonia

29
Q

What is the target organ believed responsible for radiation-induced leukemia?

A

Bone marrow

30
Q

What radiation exposure dose to the ovaries will result in temporary infertility?

A

200 rad (2 Gy)

31
Q

In which portion of pregnancy is the embryo/fetus most radiosensitive?

A

The first trimester

32
Q

What is defined as “the estimated dose to the gonads that, if received by the total population gene pool, would produce the total genetic effect on the population as the sum of the individual doses actually received”?

A

Genetically significant dose (GSD)

33
Q

What are the three guideline for determining when the gonads should be shielded?

A

When the gonads are within 5 cm of the collimated primary beam, when the patient is of reproductive ag, and when clinical objectives permit

34
Q

What three parts of the body should be shielded from the useful beam whenever possible?

A

The lens of the eye, the breasts, the reproductive organ

35
Q

When a 1 mm Pb flat contact shield is used to shield female reproductive organs, their dose is reduced by about how much?

A

50%

36
Q

When a 1 mm Pb flat contact shield is used to shield male reproductive organs, their dose is reduced by about how much?

A

90% to 95%

37
Q

List four types of late effects of ionizing radiation exposure

A

Carcinogenesis,cataractogenesis, embryological effect, and lifespan shortening

38
Q

What skin layer is most radiosensitive?

A

Basal

39
Q

Which are the two interactions between x-ray photons are tissue cells that occur most often?

A

Compton scatter and photoelectric effect

40
Q

Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells occurs with high-energy photons?

A

Compton scatter

41
Q

Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells is most likely to occur with tissue having high atomic number?

A

Photoelectric scatter

42
Q

Which of the major attractions between x-ray photons and tissue cells results in total absorption of the incident photon?

A

Photoelectric effect

43
Q

Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells is a major contributor to patient dose?

A

Photoelectric effect

44
Q

Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells predominates in the diagnostic x-ray range?

A

Compton effect

45
Q

Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells is responsible for scattered radiation fog?

A

Compton effect

46
Q

Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells poses a radiation hazard to personnel?

A

Compton effect

47
Q

What kind of incident photon energy is involved?

A

high energy

48
Q

With what frequency does this interaction occur in comparison to other types of interactions between x-ray photons and matter?

A

Compton scatter occurs most frequently

49
Q

Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter involves an outer shell electron and only partial transfer of energy?

A

Compton scatter

50
Q

Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter involves a low-energy (low kV) incident photon?

A

Photoelectric effect

51
Q

Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter is most damaging to the diagnostic image?

A

Compton scatter

52
Q

Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter involves the greatest patient dose?

A

Photoelectric effect

53
Q

Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter occurs least often and is the only interaction that does not cause ionization?

A

Coherent scatter/unmodified scatter

54
Q

Which interaction between x-ray-photons and matter is most likely to occur in high-density tissues like bone?

A

Photoelectric effect

55
Q

Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter involves a recoil electron?

A

Compton effect

56
Q

Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter produces a characteristic ray?

A

Photoelectric effect

57
Q

Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter is most likely to produce short-scale contrast?

A

Photoelectric effect

58
Q

What component of personal dosimeters functions to evaluate radiation quality?

A

Filters

59
Q

Which fo the following three personal radiation monitoring devices is most sensitivity? the-,luminescent dosimeter, optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter. film badge

A

Optically stimulated luminescence

60
Q

What are the two weighting factors that are used to determine the Sievert?

A

Wt and Wr

Patient care (6 decks)

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