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Radiography > Radiation Protection > Flashcards

Radiation Protection Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 components of the equipment that can reduce radiation exposure to the patient?

A
  • filtration (includes inherent, added and total)
  • collimation
  • position-indicating device
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2
Q

What is inherent filtration?

A

Takes place when the primary beam passes through the glass window of the X-ray tube, the insulating oil and the tube head seal. Still does not meet the standards regulated by the state and federal law, so additional filtration is required

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3
Q

What is added filtration?

A

An aluminum disk is placed between the collimator and the tubehead seal to filter out longer wavelength, lower energy x-rays from the x-ray beam (results in a higher-energy and more penetrating useful beam)

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4
Q

What is total filtration?

A
  • The sum of inherent and added filtration, regulated federal law in Canada
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5
Q

Machines operating at or below 70 kVp require a minimum total of…

A

1.5 mm aluminum filtration

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6
Q

Machines operating above 70 kVp require a minimum total of…

A

2.5 mm aluminum filtration

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7
Q

What is the collimator?

A

Restricts the size and shape of the xray beam, therefore reducing the patient’s exposure. A collimator is a lead plate with a hole in the middle. Can either be round which produces a cone shaped beam of 2.75 inches in diameter, or rectangular, which produces a rectangular beam slightly larger than a #2 film

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8
Q

What is the position-indicating device? What are the different kinds?

A

An extension of the x-ray tubehead used to direct the x-ray beam. May be conical, rectangular or round. (conical are no longer used in dentistry because they produce scatter radiation). Rectangular and round PIDs usually come in 8- or 16-inch lengths, they are open-ended and lead lined. Longer PIDs produce less divergence of the x-ray beam

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9
Q

During exposure, what 4 pieces of equipment can we provide the patient with to reduce radiation? What 2 things can we also do to aid in reducing radiation?

A 
4 pieces of equipment:
- thyroid collar
- lead apron
- fast film/digital
- film holding devices/beam alignment devices
2 things we can also do:
- exposure factor selection
- proper technique
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10
Q

What is the thyroid collar?

A

A flexible lead shield placed around the patient’s neck to protect the thyroid gland from scatter radiation, may be separate or part of the lead apron. Recommended for all intraoral films but not recommended for extraoral films

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11
Q

What is the lead apron?

A

Placed over the patient’s chest and lab to protect the reproductive organs and blood forming tissues from scatter radiation. Use is often law.

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12
Q

What are image receptors?

A

Digital image receptors require less radiation exposure of the patient. Use of a digital receptor is most effective method of reducing a patient’s exposure to radiation. Fast film is also useful in reducing radiation exposure; D speed and F speed film are now the 2 speeds on the marker, where F speed is the faster of the 2.

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13
Q

What is the beam alignment device?

A

Stabilizes the film in position in the mouth and reduces the chance for movement. Eliminates the need for the patient to hold the film in position with their finger, reducing unnecessary exposure

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14
Q

What does exposure factor selection mean?

A

Adjustment of kVp, milliamperage, and time settings on the control panel to limit the amount of x-radiation exposure received by the patient. On most units, the kilovolt peak and milliamperage are preset by the manufacturer and cannot be adjusted

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15
Q

Why is proper technique important?

A

Nondiagnostic images must be retaken, resulting in additional radiation exposure for the patient. Re-exposure of an image must be avoided at all times

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16
Q

What can we do to reduce radiation exposure after?

A
  • proper receptor handling (artifacts caused by improper film handling result in non diagnostic films)
  • proper film processing and image retrieval (improper film processing may require retakes, needlessly exposing the patient to excess x-radiation)
17
Q

Protection guidelines include…

A
  • distance recommendations
  • position recommendations
  • shielding recommendations
    The dental radiographer must avoid the primary beam
18
Q

Distance and position recommendations

A
  • Maintain an adequate distance during exposure, radiographer must be at least 6 feet from the tubehead during an exposure unless behind a lead lined wall
  • Avoid the primary beam by standing either perpendicular or at a 90 degree to 135 degree angle to the beam
  • To avoid the primary beam, proper operator position during exposure includes: dental radiographer must never hold a receptor in place for a patient; dental radiographer must never hold or stabilize the x-ray tubehead
19
Q

Sheilding recommendations

A
  • Dental office design may include walls to protect the operator from primary and scatter radiation
  • Protective barriers may be incorporated into the office design
20
Q

What is radiation monitoring?

A
  • Equipment monitoring (dental x-ray machines must be monitored for leakage radiation)
  • Personnel monitoring (a radiation monitoring badge can be worn at waist level when taking radiographs, it is mailed along with a control badge to the monitoring company once a month for evaluation)
21
Q

Radiation exposure guidelines (examples)

A
  • Radiation Safety Legislation
  • Maximum Permissible Dose
  • Maximum Accumulated Dose
  • ALARA Concept
22
Q

What is the Radiation Safety Legislation?

A
  • Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act - 1968 (Federal level) to standardize x-ray equipment
  • Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act - 1981 (Federal) education and certification
  • Safety Code 30
23
Q

What is the Maximum Permissible Dose (MPD)?

A
  • Maximum dose equivalent that a body is permitted to receive in a specific period
  • MPD for occupationally exposed persons is 50 mSv/year (0.05 Sv/year or 5.0 rem/year)
  • If pregnant, MPD IS 0.5 mSv per month during pregnancy months
24
Q

What is the Cumulative Occupational Dose?

A

Cumulative occupational dose is the dose accumulated over a lifetime. An individual’s cumulative occupational effective dose should not exceed the worker’s age multiplied by 10 mSv.

25
Q

What is the Maximum Accumulated Dose (MAD)?

A
  • The dose accumulated over a lifetime
  • formula based on the worker’s age
  • MAD = (N - 18) X 5 REM/YEAR
  • MAD = (N - 18) X 0.05 SV/YEAR
26
Q

What is the ALARA Concept?

A

ALARA concept means ‘as low as reasonably achievable’. Every possible method of reducing exposure to radiation should be employed

Radiography (25 decks)

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