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Radiography > Paralleling technique > Flashcards

Paralleling technique Flashcards

1
Q

other names for paralleling technique?

A

extension cone paralleling technique (XCP), right-angle technique, and long-cone technique

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2
Q

important terminology!!!

A
  • parallel
  • intersecting
  • perpendicular
  • right angle
  • long axis of the tooth
  • central ray
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3
Q

principles of paralleling technique

A
  • film is places in the mouth to the long axis of the tooth being radiographed
  • the central ray of the x-ray beam is directed perpendicular to the film and the long axis of the tooth
  • a film holder must be used to keep the film parallel with the long axis of the tooth
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4
Q

different film holders (5)

A
  • rinn XCP instruments
  • precision film holders
  • state bite-block
  • eezee-grip film holder
  • hemostat with bite-block
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5
Q

size 1 film is used for…

A
  • used in the anterior region

- long portion in the vertical direction

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6
Q

size 2 film is used for…

A
  • used in the posterior region

- long portion in the horizontal direction

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7
Q

rules for paralleling technique

A
  • film placement: tooth and root
  • film position: parallel to long axis
  • vertical angulations: central ray perpendicular to film 90 degree
  • horizontal angulations: through contacts
  • film exposure: avoid cone cut
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8
Q

step-by-step procedures for radiographs

A
  • patient preparation
  • equipment preparation
  • exposure sequence for film placements
  • film placement
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9
Q

how can we prepare the patient?

A
  • explain the procedure
  • adjust the chair
  • adjust the headrest
  • place and secure the LEAD APRON
  • remove all object from the mouth
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10
Q

how can we prepare equipment?

A
  • set the exposure factors

- BEFORE PLACING, open the sterilized package containing the film holder

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11
Q

exposure sequence for film placements

A
  • anterior exposure sequence

- posterior exposure sequence

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12
Q

film placement for paralleling technique

A
  • the specific area where the film must be positioned before exposure
  • dictated by teeth and surrounding structures
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13
Q

how can we ensure a logical sequence in radiographing?

A
  • anterior first - more tolerable for patient
  • posteriors: always premolar before molar due to patient comfort
  • lay films out in a FMS mount orientation, as you remove films, put in cup. ensure you do not miss an area or double exposure of a film
  • review text sequence and reasoning. reduce changing XCP configuration, but move back and forth from right side
  • recommended sequence - next
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14
Q

recommended sequence

A
  • anteriors first: mx and then mn, which side does not matter
  • posterior second: do one sextant at a time (premolar and molar), follow arrangement of films
  • put films in cup as they are exposed, ex: Q1 - premolar and molar, Q4 - premolar and molar, Q2 and Q3
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15
Q

3 modifications in the paralleling technique

A
  • shallow palate
  • bony growths
  • mandibular premolar region
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16
Q

what is the shallow palate modifications?

A
  • cotton rolls: 2 cotton rolls can be used, one placed on each side of the bite-block
  • vertical angulation: the vertical angulation can be increased by 5 to 15 degrees
17
Q

what if we cannot get parallel?

A

no more than 20 degrees is still generally diagnostic

18
Q

what are bony growth modifications?

A
  • maxillary torus: the film must be placed on the far side of the torus and then exposed
  • mandibular tori: the film must be placed between the tori and the tongue and then exposed
19
Q

in placing film for radiographs…

A
  • film will become parallel as the patient closes
  • insert on angle
  • floor of mouth will relax as patient closes
20
Q

mandibular premolar region: film placement

A

the film must be placed under the tongue

21
Q

mandibular premolar region: film

A

the lower edge of the film can be greatly softened to prevent discomfort

22
Q

advantages of the paralleling technique

A
  • accuracy: the image is free of distortion
  • simplicity: eliminated the need to determine horizontal and vertical angulation, elicited chances of dimensional distortion
  • duplication: comparison of serial radiographs has great validity
23
Q

disadvantages of paralleling technique

A
  • film placement: may be difficult

- discomfort: film-holding device may cause discomfort

Radiography (25 decks)

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