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Radiobiology > Radiation Protection > Flashcards

Radiation Protection Flashcards

1
Q

Ensure that radiation exposure activities are

A

Useful and justifiable

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2
Q

Limit individual risk by establishing a

A

Maximum dose limit

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3
Q

In order to minimize the potential risk of biological effects associated with radiation,

A

Dose limits and guidelines are established

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4
Q

ALARA stands for

A

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

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5
Q

Integral part of all activities that involves the use of radiation or radioactive materials

A

ALARA concept

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6
Q

ALARA includes

A

Design, construction and operations of existing and future facilities
Reducing both internal and external exposure to ionizing radiation

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7
Q

Means that the risk from receiving the exposure is worth the net benefit of the activity

A

Reasonable

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8
Q

Related to balancing the assumed risks of radiation exposure against the benefit of performing the work

A

ALARA effort

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9
Q

Concept of ALARA

A

“There should not be any occupational exposure of workers to ionizing radiation without the expectation of an overall benefit from the activity causing the exposure”

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10
Q

ALARA means

A

Preventing unnecessary exposure as well as overexposure

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11
Q

Implementation of the ALARA concept

A

Responsibility of all employees

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12
Q

Success of the ALARA program depends on

A

Each radiological worker’s attitude and actions

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13
Q

Minimize radiation exposure to levels that are

A

ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable)

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14
Q

Hazards can occur

A

both external and internal source

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15
Q

includes radionuclides that are inhaled, ingested and absorbed through the skin or inhaled through a break in the skin

A

Internal hazards

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16
Q

All types of radiation except alpha which cannot penetrate unbroken, intact skin

A

External sources

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17
Q

Three protective measures from external radiation is also known as

A

Cardinal Principles of Radiation Protection

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18
Q

The Three protective measures from external radiation

A

Time
Distance
Shielding

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19
Q

Primarily used to reduce and minimize the dose received from external radiation source

A

Three protective measures from external radiation

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20
Q

Used for reducing the intake of radioactive material, thereby reducing internal dose

A

Time and Distance

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21
Q

Relationship of dose received by patient to the length of time spent in the field

A

Directly proportional

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22
Q

Increasing distance will result to

A

decreased exposure

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23
Q

Dose-Distance Relationship

A

“Double the Distance Quarters the Dose”

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24
Q

Dose of radiation from an external radiation source is

A

Inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source

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25
Q

Increased distance may also

A

decrease airborne radioactivity levels

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26
Q

Radioactive material in any chemical or physical form that is dissolved, mixed, suspended or otherwise entrained in air

A

Airborne radioactive materials or airborne radioactivity

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27
Q

____ between source and workers reduces exposure

A

Shielding

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28
Q

One of most effective ways to reduce external radiation exposures

A

Shielding

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29
Q

Types of shielding depends upon

A

type of radiation and its penetrating power

30
Q

Use permanent shielding such as

A

non-radiological equipment/structures

31
Q

Use shielded containment such as

A

glove boxes

32
Q

Can only be installed when procedures are used

A

Temporary shielding

33
Q

Once temporary shielding is installed

A

it cannot be removed without proper authorization

34
Q

another method of reducing radiation dose

A

Source reduction

35
Q

Source reduction normally includes procedures such as

A
  • flushing radioactive systems, decontamination
  • careful selection of materials used in and around activation sources
  • practicing good housekeeping in radiological areas
36
Q

ICRP meaning

A

International Commission on Radiological Protection

37
Q

helps to prevent cancer and other disease and effects associated with exposure to ionizing radiation

A

ICRP

38
Q

ICRP has developed, maintained and elaborated the

A

International System of Radiological Protection

39
Q

Used worldwide as the common basis for radiological protection standards, legislation, guidelines, programmes and practice

A

International System of Radiological Protection

40
Q

International System of Radiological Protection has been developed by ICRP based on

A

i. current understanding of the science of radiation exposures and effects
ii. value judgements

41
Q

Take into account societal expectations, ethics and experience gained in application of the system

A

Value judgements

42
Q

Has established fundamental radiation protection principles and recommendations

A

ICRP

43
Q

ICRU

A

International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements

44
Q

ICRU originally known as

A

International X-Ray Unit Committee

later as: International Committee for Radiological Units

45
Q

ICRU was conceived at

A

First International Congress of Radiology (ICR) in London 1925

46
Q

ICRU officially came into being at

A

ICR-2 Stockholm 1928

47
Q

ICRP and ICRu were established in

A

1928 by Second International Congress of Radiology

48
Q

NCRP means

A

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

49
Q

has been active in the areas of radiation protection and measurements since its inception “The Advisory Committee on X-Ray and Radium Protection” in 1929

A

NCRP

50
Q

States its objectives as follows:
- collect, analyze, develop and disseminate in the public interest information and recommendations about radiation protection

A

Charter of the Council

51
Q

UNSCEAR means

A

United Nation Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation

52
Q

response to widespread concerns about the effects of radiation on human health and the environment

A

UNSCEAR

53
Q

become the world authority on global levels and effects of ionizing radiation

A

UNSCEAR

54
Q

IAEA means

A

International Atomic Energy Agency

55
Q

created in 1957 in response to the deep fears and expectations resulting from the discovery of nuclear energy

A

IAEA

56
Q

works for the safe, secure and peaceful uses of nuclear science and technology

A

IAEA

57
Q

Main work areas of IAEA

A
  • Nuclear Technology and Application
  • Nuclear Safety and Security
  • Safeguards and Verification
58
Q

PNRI means

A

Philippines Nuclear Research Institute

59
Q

PNRI is mandated to

A
  • undertake research and development activities
  • to institute regulations and to carry out the enforcement of said regulations to protect health and safety of radiation workers
60
Q

PNRI provides

A

film badge and thermoiluminescent dosimetry (TLD) personal monitoring services nationally

61
Q

PNRI maintains and operates a _____

A

Secondary Standards and Dosimetry Laboratory (SSDL)

62
Q

PNRI maintains and operates the national

A

Radioactive Waste Management Center

63
Q

regulatory agency for radioactive materials

A

PNRI

64
Q

Formerly known as Bureau of Health Devices and Technology (BHDT)

A

Center for Device Regulation, Radiation Health, and Research (CDRRHR) of the Department of Health

65
Q

the regulatory agency for electrical/electronic devices emitting ionizing and non-ionizing radiation

A

Center for Device Regulation, Radiation Health, and Research (CDRRHR)

66
Q

approved the revised recommendations for a system of radiological protection

A

Main Commission of the ICRP on March 21, 2007

67
Q

latest publication of ICRP

A

ICRP Publication 103

68
Q

Three Key Principles of Radiological Protection

A
  • Principle of Justification
  • Principle of Optimization of Protection
  • Principle of Application of Dose Limits
69
Q

situations involving the planned introduction and operation of sources

A

Planned exposure situations

70
Q

Unexpected situations such as those that may occur during the operation of a planned situations or from a malicious act requiring urgent attention

A

Emergency exposure situations

71
Q

exposure situations that already exist when a decision on control has to be taken, such as those caused by natural background radiation

A

Existing exposure situations

72
Q

The Commission continues to distinguish among:

A
  • occupational exposures
  • public exposures
  • medical exposures of patients

Radiobiology (10 decks)

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