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Radiobiology > Protection of Patients > Flashcards

Protection of Patients Flashcards

1
Q

Persons are medically exposed as part of their

A

diagnosis or

treatment

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2
Q

Basic Principles of Radiation Protection which can be applied:

A

Principles of Justification

Optimization (ICRP and BSS)

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3
Q

Dose limits are not applicable, but ____ apply to patient dose levels

A

Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs)

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4
Q

Investigation of doses that exceed the DRLs is

A

strongly recommended

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5
Q

principally the exposure of persons as part of their diagnosis or patient

A

Medical Exposure

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6
Q

incurred at work, and practically as result of work

A

Occupational Exposure

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7
Q

including all other exposure

A

Public Exposure

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8
Q

Exposures incurred knowingly and willingly by individuals such as family and close friends helping either in hospital or at home in the support and comfort of patients

A

Medical Exposure

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9
Q

Exposures incurred by volunteers as part of a program of

A

biomedical research (Medical Exposure)

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10
Q

Framework of Radiological Protection for Medical Exposure

A

Justification
Optimization
Use of dose limits is not applicable

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11
Q

Dose constraints and Diagnostic Reference Levels are

A

recommended

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12
Q

decision to adopt or continue any human activity involves a review of benefits and disadvantages of the possible options

A

Justification of a Practice

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13
Q

most of the assessments needed for justification of a practice are made on the

A

basis of experience
professional judgement
common sense

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14
Q

use of radiation in medicine is accepted as doing good than harm

A

general level

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15
Q

specific procedure with a specific objective ex. chest radiograph for patients showing relevant symptoms

A

generic level

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16
Q

the application of the procedure to an individual person

A

third level

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17
Q

once the procedure is generically justified,

A

no additional justification is needed for simple diagnostic investigations

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18
Q

usually applied at two levels

A

optimization

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19
Q

optimization usually applied at two levels

A

design and construction of equipment installations

day to day radiological practice (procedure)

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20
Q

may reduce the quantity as well as the quality of the information provided by the examination

A

reducing the patient dose

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21
Q

means that doses should be “as low as reasonably achievable”, compatible with achieving the required image quality objectives

A

optimization

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22
Q

there is a considerable scope for dose reductions in diagnostic radiology (ICRP 103)

A

optimization of protection

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23
Q

simple, low-cost measures are available for reducing doses without loss of diagnostic information (ICRP 103)

A

optimization of protection

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24
Q

optimization of protection in diagnostic radiology does not necessarily mean ____

A

the reduction of doses to the patient

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25
Q

improve the contrast of the image but increase the dose by a factor of 2-4

A

Anti-scatter grids

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26
Q

radiologic activities are geared towards

A

minimizing the radiation exposure of radiologic personnel

minimizing radiation dose to patients during x-ray examination

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27
Q

monitoring of radiation dose/exposure for radiologist ad rad tech

A

occupational radiation monitors

28
Q

monitoring of radiation dose/exposure for patient dose

A

estimated using phantoms and test objects in simulation

29
Q

if ____ are adopted, occupational radiation exposure and patient dose can be kept acceptable low

A

radiation control procedures

30
Q

the frequency of x-ray examination is increasing among all age group at a rate of

A

approx. 18% per year in the united states

31
Q

these are of concern in the increasing risk of Medical Exposure

A

acute effects on superficial tissues after angiointerventional procedures
possible late effects of diagnostic xray exposure

32
Q

according IAEA these may unnecessarily expose patients to increased radiation levels

A

overuse of high-tech scanning procedures

33
Q

annual meeting of European Radiation Dosimetry Group

A

EURADOS

34
Q

in cancer care, ensuring that the right dose of radiation targets the tumor

A

without doing damage to neighboring cells is utmost importance

35
Q

optimization of patient radiation protection requires

A

periodic evaluation of doses

image quality

36
Q

Rad tech should be aware of the interdependence between

A

technical factors
dose
image quality

37
Q

periodic measurement of the ____ and the comparison with the ____ will permit the detection of changes due to equipment or radiographers

A

entrance patient dose

diagnostic reference levels

38
Q

a value of dose, dose rate or activity selected by professional bodies in consultation with the regulatory authority to indicate a level above which there should be a review …..

A

diagnostic reference levels

39
Q

diagnostic reference levels are intended:

A
  • to be reasonable indication of doses for average size patient
  • to be established by relevant professional bodies in consultation with the regulatory authority
  • to proved guidance on what is achievable with current good practice …
  • to be applied with flexibility to allow higher exposures…
  • to be revised as technology and techniques improve
40
Q

corrective actions should be taken as necessary if doses or activities ____ the DRLs and ____

A

fall substantially below

images do not provide adequate clinical image quality

41
Q

in general radiography and fluoroscopy with xray mobile equipment, the source-to-skin distance should

A

not be less than 30cm

42
Q

in radiography and fluoroscopy with fixed equipment, the source-to-skin distance should

A

not be lower than 45cm

43
Q

fluoroscopy equipment without image intensifiers

A

must be replaced

44
Q

Evaluation include both

A

image quality

patient dose

45
Q

all xray equipment must conform to applicable standards of the __

A

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
ISO
equivalent national standards

46
Q

adequate filtration in general radiology

A

2.5mm Al

47
Q

significantly reduces the patient dose due to low energy xrays which do not contribute to the image formation

A

adequate filtration

48
Q

added filtration should be check for maintenance by

A

half value layer

49
Q

filtration for mammography

A

0.03mm thickness of Molybdenum

50
Q

this should be available for fluoroscopic examinations to allow measurement of the elapsed fluoroscopic exposure time

A

timer

51
Q

fluoroscopy should be controlled with a

A

dead man switch

52
Q

when using mobile radiographic equipment ___ is needed

A

high instantaneous electric power supply

53
Q

to avoid retakes in mobile radiographic equipment

A

battery is fully charged

54
Q

use of appropriate screen-film combination

A

“fastest” to assure lowest patient dose

55
Q

results in significant patient dose reductions

A

use of cassettes, grids, and tables of carbon fiber material

56
Q

the patient entance air kerma rate should not exceed

A

50mGy/min

57
Q

it is advisable ___ compatible with the image to minimized patient dose

A

highest kvp (lowest mAs)

58
Q

should be used when imaging non-cooperative patients

A

short exposure times

59
Q

patient should wear ____ when gonads are expose

A

gonadal shielding

60
Q

should be related to the level of risk

A

communication

61
Q

if a fetal dose are ____ , more detailed explanation may be necessary

A

above 1 mGy

62
Q

for pregnant women ___ are preferable to minimize the uterus dose

A

PA abdominal projections

63
Q

for skull examinations, eye lenses are better protected in

A

PA projection

64
Q

should be used for scoliosis imaging to minimize breast dose

A

PA projections

65
Q

CT examinations should be done with the ___

A

minimum possible number of slices

66
Q

fluoroscopy times should be

A

minimized

Radiobiology (10 decks)

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