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Radiobiology > Radiation Monitoring > Flashcards

Radiation Monitoring Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Monitoring

A

Personnel Monitoring

Area/Workplace Monitoring

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2
Q

Personnel Monitoring Devices

A

Film Badge Dosimeter
Thermoluminescent Dosimeter
Optically Stimulated Luminescence
Pocket Dosimeter

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3
Q

Purposes of personnel monitoring devices

A

Control of radiation exposure
Identifies high dose
Assessment of working practices

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4
Q

Commonly used to measure and record radiation exposure due to gamma rays, x-rays and beta particles

A

Film Badge Dosimeter

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5
Q

Film is packaged in a ____ preventing light, moisture or chemical vapors from affecting the film

A

Light proof, vapor proof envelope

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6
Q

Special film is used which is

A

Coated with two different emulsions

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7
Q

One side is coated with a ______ that is sensitive to low levels of exposure

A

Large grain, fast emulsion

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8
Q

Other side of the films is coated with a _____ that is less sensitive to exposure

A

Fine grain, slow emulsion

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9
Q

Film is contained inside a ____

A

Film holder or badge

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10
Q

Badge incorporates a ____ to determine the quality of the radiation

A

Series of filters

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11
Q

Causes of in accuracy (film badge dosimeter)

A

Effect of heat on film

Effect of dosage on the film but not received by the wearer

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12
Q

Advantages of film badge dosimeter

A

Provides a permanent record
Able to distinguished between different energies of photons
Measure doses due to different types of radiation
Accurate for exposures greater than 100 millirem

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13
Q

Disadvantages of film badge dosimeter

A

It must be developed and read by a processor (time consuming)
Prolonged heat exposure can affect the film
Exposures of less than 20 millirem of gamma radiation cannot be accurately measured

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14
Q

Film badges need to be ____ so that the dose they receive accurately represents the dose the wearer receives

A

Worn correctly

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15
Q

Whole body badges are worn on the body bet ____ , often on the _____

A

Neck and waist

Belt or shirt pocket

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16
Q

Are worn on a finger of the hand most likely to be exposed to ionizing radiation

A

Ring badges

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17
Q

Are often used instead of the film badge

A

Thermoluminescence Dosimeter

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18
Q

Worn for a period of time (usually 3 millirem or less) and then must be processed to determine the dose received

A

Thermoluminescence Dosimeter

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19
Q

TLD is a phosphor, such as

A 
Lithium fluoride (LiF)
Calcium fluoride (CaF), in a solid crystal structure
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20
Q

TLDs can measure doses as low as

A

1 millirem

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21
Q

TLD have a precision of

A

Approx. 15% for low doses

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22
Q

Advantages of TLD

A

Its Linearity of response to dose
Its relative energy independence
Its sensitivity to low doses
It is also reusable

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23
Q

Disadvantages of TLD

A

No permanent record or re-readability is provided and an immediate, on the job readout is not possible

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24
Q

Means emitting light when heated

A

Thermoluminescent

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24
Q

It is a process in which a pre-irradiated material when subjected to an appropriate optical stimulation, emits a light signal proportional to the absorbed dose

A

Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL)

25
Q

The characteristic of the OSL material

A

Wavelength of the emitted light

26
Q

OSL is thus analogous to TL process except that the stimulation is

A

Carried out optically rather than thermally

27
Q

Is a property of the solid state material

A

Efficiency of OSL

28
Q

OSL emission is highly influenced by the

A

Energy and the intensity of the stimulating optical beam

29
Q

Is the simplest and the most straightforward OSL process in which a pre-irradiated material is stimulated by a light source of constant intensity…

A

Continuous wave optically stimulated luminescence

30
Q

Is a process in which the OSL signal from pre-irradiated material is measured after a stimulation light is switch off …

A

Delayed optically stimulated luminescence

31
Q

Is a form of DOSL in which the luminescence is recorded intermittently following a stimulation by very short pulses with a frequency of about thousands of hertz

A

Pulsed optically stimulated luminescence

32
Q

These are used to provide the wearer with an immediate reading of his or her exposure to X-rays and gamma rays

A

Pocket Dosimeter

33
Q

They are commonly worn in the pocket

A

Pocket Dosimeter

34
Q

The two types (Pocket Dosimeter) commonly used in industrial radiography are the

A

Direct Read Pocket Dosimeter

Digital Electronic Dosimeter

35
Q

The dosimeter contains a small ionization chamber with a volume of approx. two milliliters

A

Direct Read Pocket Dosimeter

36
Q

Inside the ionization chamber is a ____ and attached to this wire anode is a ____

A

Central wire anode

Metal coated quartz fiber

37
Q

The amount of movement is

A

Directly proportional to the amount of ionization which occurs

38
Q

The fiber is viewed on a

A

Translucent scale (which is graduated in units of exposure)

39
Q

Advantages of Direct Read Pocket Dosimeter

A

Ability to provide the wearer an immediate reading of his or her radiation exposure
It is reusable

40
Q

Disadvantages of Direct Read Pocket Dosimeter

A

Limited range
Inability to provide a permanent record
Potential for discharging and reading loss due to dropping or bumping

41
Q

These dosimeters record dose information and dose rate

A

Digital Electronic Dosimeter

42
Q

The dosimeters (Digital Electronic Dosimeter) most often use

A

Geiger-Müller counters

43
Q

The counter then displays the _____ and ___ in digital form

A

Accumulated exposure

Dose rate

44
Q

Some Digital Electronic Dosimeter include an

A

Audible alarm feature which emits an audible signal or chirp with each recorded increment of exposure

45
Q

Workplace/Area Monitoring Instruments

A

Ionization chambers
Proportional counters
GM-tubes
Scintillation detectors

46
Q

Choice of Monitoring Instrument depends on

A

High or low levels
Particles or photons
Energy of photons
Required accuracy

47
Q

B - emitters

A

GM - tube

Proportional counters

48
Q

Y-emitter (

A

GM-tube
Proportional counter
Nal(Tl) scintillation detector

49
Q

Y-emitter (high energy)

A

Proportional counter

Nal(Tl) scintillation detector

50
Q

Simplest of all gas-filled radiation detectors an is widely used for detection and measurement of certain types of ionizing radiation, X-rays and gamma rays and beta particles

A

Ionization chamber

51
Q

The essential components of the ionization chamber are

A

Its two collecting electrodes: anode and cathode

52
Q

The potential difference between the anode and cathode is often in the

A

100 to 500 volt range

53
Q

Most commonly used for quantifying alpha and beta activity, they are also used for neutron detection

A

Proportional counters

54
Q

Pulses produce by a proportional counter are

A

Larger than those produced by an ion chamber

55
Q

Usually serves as the cathode in a proportional chamber

A

Cylinder

56
Q

Serves as the anode in a proportional chamber

A

Fine metal wire (stretched along the axis of the cylinder)

57
Q

Occurs near the anode at a distance comparable to the wire’s diameter

A

Gas amplification

58
Q

Are filled with an inert gas

A

Proportional counters

59
Q

An instrument used for measuring ionizing radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays using the ionization effect produced in a Geiger-Muller tube

A

Geiger counter

60
Q

Used to detect presence of low level radioactive particles and rays (

A

Geiger counter

Radiobiology (10 decks)

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