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physics of radiology equipment > Radiation Protection > Flashcards

Radiation Protection Flashcards

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0
Q

What is a threshold dose relationship?

A

Some amount of radiation is required before a measureable effect can be detected
Linear: Constant slope
Curvilinear: non linear
Sigmoidal: s shaped

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1
Q

What is non threshold dose response relationship?

A

Non threshold
Any given amount of radiation will yield a measureable effect
No amount of radiation regardless of dose is safe

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2
Q

What is the law of Bergonie and Tribondeau?

A

Cell radio sensitivity increases with increased mitotic activity
Radio sensitivity decreases with maturity
Radio sensitivity decreases with increased specificity ex. Stem cells are more radio sensitive than nerve cells

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3
Q

What is OER? (Oxygen enhancement ratio)

A

Aerobic conditions enhance the effectiveness of radiation.

Increasing oxygen increases the cells sensitivity to radiation

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4
Q

What is LET?

A

Defines rate of energy deposited per unit track length through an absorber
Amount of radiation that is transferred to the body as the X-ray beam travels through the body
As LET increases, the quality factor for a given form of radiation will increase
LET is greases for alpha particles

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5
Q

As LET increases the probability of a cell’s survival and recovery…

A

decreases

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6
Q

What is fractionation?

A

equal doses of radiation that are delivered with time interval separations

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7
Q

What is protraction?

A

radiation dose that is delivered continously but at a lower dose rate

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8
Q

What is radiolysis?

A

radiation interaction with water
positive water molecules form free radicals
free radicals can combine to form hydrogen peroxide

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9
Q

What is the target theory?

A

If the master molecule of a cell is destroyed, the cell will die.
radiaion interactions with cells are random

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10
Q

What is interphase death?

A

also know as apoptosis

cell dies without attempting to divide

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11
Q

What is mitotic death?

A

cell goes through 1 or more mitotic phaes then dies

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12
Q

What is mitotic delay?

A

mitotic activity resumes after a short delay

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13
Q

What is reproductive failure?

A

cell does not die as a result of exposrue but loses ability to procreate

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14
Q

What is interference of function?

A

radiation exposure results in a temporary permanent interruption of cellular function.

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15
Q

What are somatic effects?

A

limited to exposed population
short term occur relativley soon after exposure
nausea, vomitting, erythemia, fever

16
Q

What is acute exposure?

A

large doses delivered over a short period of time

17
Q

What is chronic exposure?

A

radiation delivered in small increments over a long period of time

18
Q

What is carcinogenisis?

A

long term somatic effects of radiation

19
Q

What is reproductive sterility?

A

doses ranging from 500-600 rad, can cause permanent sterilty

20
Q

What are local somatic effects?

A

effects that are limited to the exposed individual to specific area

21
Q

What is a general somatic effect?

A

effects that effect the entire body

22
Q

What are high risk examinations?

A

abd, pelvis, coccyx, sacrum, lumbar spine and hips

23
Q

Are mature sperm resistant to radiation?

A

yes

24
Q

What is the CNS syndrome?

A

cardiovascular syndrome
>5000 rads
death occurs within hours

25
Q

What is hemopoetic syndrome?

A

bone marrow syndrome
most radiosensitive system in the body
blood disorders, depressing immune system and clotting
death occurs between 3-6 weeks

26
Q

What is gastrointestinal syndrome?

A

doses between 600-1000 rads
nausea vomitting and fatgue
death occurs approx 1 week

27
Q

What is GSD? (genetic significant dose)

A

the dose that if delivered to everymember of a poulation would be expected to yield the same total genetic injury as the actual doses received by the various individuals
approx 20 mrem

28
Q

A 0.5mm Pb lead apron will attenuate what percent of the radiation at 75 kVp?

A

88%

29
Q

A 0.25mm Pb lead apron will attenuate what percent of the radiation at 75 kVp?

A

66%

physics of radiology equipment (7 decks)

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