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Dose Limits for Ionizing Radiation > Radiation Monitoring > Flashcards

Radiation Monitoring Flashcards

1
Q

what is the recommendation of personal monitoring?

A

any persons occupationally regularly to ionizing radiation is recommended

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2
Q

Exposure monitoring of personeel is required whenever radiation workers are likely to risk receiving _ or more of the annual occupational effective dose limit of _ in any single year

A

10%

5 rem

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3
Q

to ensure that occupational rad exposure level are kept well below the annual EFD limit

A

personnel monitoring

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4
Q

What provides an indication of the working habits and working conditions of diagnostic imaging personnel

A

personnel dosimeter

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5
Q

you should place your monitor where

A

in front of the body at about collar level to apps. the location of max. radiation dose to the thyroid, head and neck

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6
Q

wearing the dosimeter is the responsibility of the

A

individual wearing the device

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7
Q

the unprotected head, neck and lenses of the eye receive how much more exposure than the protected body trunk

A

10-20 times more

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8
Q

Extremity dosimeter an example would be and only used for what modality

A

TLD

Nuke med

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9
Q

be worn by an imaging professional as a _ when performing radiographic procedures that require the hands to be near the primary x-ray beam

A

second monitor

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10
Q

4 types of personnel dosimetry

A
  1. Film badge (oldest) 10mRem (min. dose)-500Rem
  2. OSL- 1mRem-1000Rem
  3. PIC- 1mRem-1000Rem
  4. TLD- most accurate
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11
Q

what are still used and are an economical type of personnel monitoring device

A

film badges

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12
Q

Film badges record _ radiation exposure accumulated at a low rate over a long period of time

A

whole body

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13
Q

Film badges are composed of 3 parts

A
  1. lightweight plastic film holder
  2. an assortment of metal fibers (al or copper)
  3. film packet
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14
Q

what is used to monitor x-ray energy and to apps. the energy of the radiation reaching the dosimeter

A

assortment of metal fibers for film badges

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15
Q

Radiation-Dosimetry film inside the film badge is sensitive to doses ranging from

A

10mRem to 500mrem

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16
Q

less than _ go on the dosimetry report as a minimal

A

10

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17
Q

outside the film packet forms a _ for the dosimetry film

A

light-free envelope

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18
Q

radiation makes the film to

A

darken

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19
Q

after processing, the film

A

darkens (density)

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20
Q

Densitometer is used to measure

A

density

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21
Q

what measures optical density, which is the intensity of light transmitted through a given area of the dosimetry film it then compares it with the intensity of light on the _ side of the film

A

densitometer

anterior

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22
Q

this is the way the densitiometer gives its readout of the amount of radiation the badge has monitored

A

characteristic curve

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23
Q

densitometer is used to measure

A

optical density along with Equivalent dose

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24
Q

what are sent with new badges to be worn by radiation personnel

A

control badge

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25
Q

what serves as a comparison with the other badges once the badges are returned to the monitoring company

A

control badge

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26
Q

control badge should have a _ reading and have never been exposed to radiation

A

0

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27
Q

what lists the deep eye, and shallow occupational exposure of each person in the facility

A

personnel monitoring reports

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28
Q

personnel monitoring reports is a record that is kept to keep track of a

A

persons cumulative dose

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29
Q

whenever a M appears on this report that indicates that the

A

equivalent dose is below the minimum measurable radiation quantity

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30
Q

when you have employment change you must give your new employer a copy of your occupational dose record in order to keep an accurate record of what

A

your lifetime dose

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31
Q

5 advantages of film

A
  1. maintained by a monitoring co
  2. cheap to maintain
  3. monitors x-rays, gamma rays, & all but very-low energy beta radiation
  4. can tell the difference in radiation in receives
  5. hard to damage
32
Q

What are disadvantages of film

A

temp. & humidity extremes can cause fogging over long pds of time
2. this will cause an inaccurate reading
3. 1 month wear time is recommended

33
Q

film is most sensitive to photons having an energy level of

A

50keV

34
Q

what does OSL stand for

A

Optically Stimulated Luminescence

35
Q

OSL contains

A

aluminum oxide detector

36
Q

the OSL dosimeter is “read out” by using _ at selected frequencies

A

laser light

37
Q

The OSL dosimeter will _ based on how much radiation the monitor receives

A

glow

38
Q

OSL can be worn up to

A

1 year (2 months is recommended)

39
Q

results cants be found in

A

1 day

40
Q

OSL, three filter layers are present

A

aluminum
tin
copper

41
Q

for OSL which layer absorbs the least

A

Al

42
Q

for OSL, which layer absorbs the best

A

Cu (copper)

43
Q

When _ radiation strikes the OSL badge, it would show a pretty similar reading through all of the filters

A

high-energy

44
Q

If only low-energy radiation is what the badge is subjected, then the laser readout (Glow Curve) would show

A

more interaction with the Al

45
Q

OSL advantages

A
  1. better sensitivity
  2. detects as low as 1mrem
  3. max equivalent dose for x-ray and gamma ray photons is 100 rem
46
Q

OSL is ideal for

A

personnel in low radiation environments and pregnant women

47
Q

what is uncommon for us to use, looks like a writing pen

A

pocket ionization chambers

48
Q

2 types of pocket ionization chambers

A

self reading and non self reading

49
Q

Pic advantages

A
  1. immediate readout
  2. easy to carry
  3. reasonably accurate and are ideal for procedures of relatively short duration
50
Q

PIC disadvantages

A
  1. cost more than $150.
  2. must be read every day
  3. provides no legal record
51
Q

what does TLD stand for

A

THermoluminescent dosimeter

52
Q

The TLD looks similar to that of a

A

film badge

53
Q

TLD contains

A

crystalline form of lithium fluoride

54
Q

What device measures the amount of ionizing radiation by first heating the crystals to free the trapped, highly energized electrons and then recording the amount of light emitted by the crystals

A

TLD analyzer

55
Q

TLD advantages

A
  1. monitors more accurately
  2. humidity, pressure, & normal temp changes won’t effect it
  3. can be worn for up to 3 months
  4. crystals can be reused
  5. somewhat cost effective
56
Q

Lithium Fluoride (LiF) reacts in the same way as

A

human tissue

57
Q

TLD disadvantages

A
  1. initial high $
  2. read only once
  3. readout process destroys the stored info.
58
Q

what are area monitoring devices that detect and measure radiation

A

radiation survey instruments

59
Q

radiation survey instruments indicates

A

the presence or absence of radiation

60
Q

Dosimeter system measures only

A

cumulative radiation intensity

61
Q

these instruments measure either the total quantity of electrical charge resulting from the ionization of the gas of the rate at which the electrical charge is produced

A

radiation survey instruments for area monitoring

62
Q

What are the three different gas filled radiation detectors that serve as field instruments

A
  1. ionization chamber (cutie pie)
  2. Geiger-muller (GM)
  3. Proportional counter
63
Q

what detects presence of radiation and a reasonably accurate measurement of the exposure

A

radiation survey instruments for area monitoring

64
Q

what are some advantages to radiation survey instruments for area monitoring

A
  1. easy to carry
  2. durable
  3. reliable and accurate
  4. interacts similar to the way human tissue reacts
  5. detects all common types of ionizing radiation
  6. energy shouldn’t effect the detector
  7. direction shouldn’t affect the performance of the detector
  8. should be cost effective
65
Q

what does the cutie pie measure

A

exposure rate

cumulative exposure

66
Q

cutie pie measures specifically

A

x-ray and gamma ray (1 window)

beta (in another window)

67
Q

what can measure radiation intensities ranging from 1mr per hour to several thousand roentgens per hour

A

cutie pie

68
Q

advantages of CUtie Pie

A

able to measure a wide rande of radiation exposures within a few seconds

69
Q

disadvantage of Cutie Pie

A
  1. warm up time (w/o wt the meter will drift & will not be accurate)
  2. can’t measure exposure rates of diagnostic x-ray imaging because exposure times are just too short
70
Q

what is most commonly used to measure exposure rates (mR/hr) at various distances from a patient who has received radioactive materials for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes

A

cutie pie

71
Q

Geiger-Muller is a monitor for

A

nuclear medicine facilities

72
Q

what unit is sensitive enough to detect individual particles or photons

A

Geiger-Muller

73
Q

Geiger-Muller allows rapid _ and locate lost_

A

monitoring

radioactive material and low-level radiocontamination

74
Q

GM detector contains

A

audible speaker and gas-filled tube or probe

75
Q

GM detector meter readings are usually obtained in

A

milliroentgens per hour

76
Q

GM disadvantages

A
  1. meter reading not independent of the energy of the incident photons
  2. photons of widely different energies cause the instrument to respond quite differently
  3. can saturate/jam when placed in a very high intensity radiation area giving a false read
77
Q

detects alpha and beta in a lab setting

A

proportional counter

Dose Limits for Ionizing Radiation (16 decks)

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