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Dose Limits for Ionizing Radiation > Digital imaging week 3 cont. > Flashcards

Digital imaging week 3 cont. Flashcards

1
Q

DICOM stands for

A

digital imaging and communication in medicine

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2
Q

DICOM is the standard for

A

handling, storing, printing and transmitting information in medical imaging

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3
Q

files can be exchanged between two entities that are capable of receiving images and patient data

A

DICOM files

in DICOM format

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4
Q

what provides some level of similarity in grayscale perception or appearance between display systems of different luminance

A

grayscale function

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5
Q

a part of DICOM that enables a piece of imaging equipment (a modality) to obtain details of patients and scheduled examinations electronically, avoiding the need to type such info x times

A

work list

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6
Q

ability to relay info between different multiple vendors and phone line communications

A

Interface

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7
Q

Part of workflow/ DICOM increases the speed of accessibility of images

A

delayed images

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8
Q

the rate of “missing” films has dropped from _ to _ since the implementation of PACS

A

8% to .3%

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9
Q

PACS stand for

A

picture Archiving and Communication Systems

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10
Q

HIS stand for

A

Hospital Information System

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11
Q

HIS aka

A

clinical Information System

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12
Q

comprehensive, integrated information system designed to manage the administrative, financial and clinical aspects of a hospital

A

HIS

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13
Q

HIS is used to achieve the best possible

A

support of patient care and administration by electronic data processing

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14
Q

RIS stands for

A

Radiology Information System

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15
Q

RIS is used by radiology departments to

A

store, manipulate and distribute patient radiological data and imagery

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16
Q

RIS contains

A

patient tracking and scheduling, result reporting and image tracking capabilities

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17
Q

images viewed on a computer are referred to as (MONITORS)

A

soft copy images

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18
Q

2 types of monitors used for digital image display (MONITORS)

A

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

Liquid Crystal DIsplay (LCD)

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19
Q

what regulates the image by using a light source behind the screen which shines on individual pixels controlling the amount of light transmitted

A

LCD monitor

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20
Q

LCD monitor is made of

A

Liquid crystal and amorphous silicon TFT’s are between glass plates on the front of the monitor which regulate pixel transparency

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21
Q

What does it allow?

A

pixels to change from black to transparent (full light)

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22
Q

Disadvantage for LCD’s

A

are harder to visualize the farther you get from the front of the monitor

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23
Q

what is the light given to the monitor while the ambient level is what is visualized by the tech

A

Luminance

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24
Q

The LCD monitors have a _ luminance and generates _ heat than a CRT monitor

A

higher

less

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25
Q

LCD’s also have _ , allowing for

A

less reflection

more ambient levels to be used

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26
Q

what is used to measure luminance

A

photometer

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27
Q

spatial resolution has the ability to

A

image small objects that have high subject contrast

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28
Q

contrast determined by the size, shape, & attenuating characteristics of subject (pt) and the energy of the beam

A

subject contrast

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29
Q

Spatial resolution formula

A

Matrix

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30
Q

spatial resolution in digital imaging is limited by the

A

size of the pixel

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31
Q

of pixels utilized in construction of digital image; imaging system to accurately display objets in 2 dimensions

A

spatial resolution on an image

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32
Q

Images with higher spatial resolution have a

A

greater # of pixels

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33
Q

The numeric value of the pixel is dependent

A

of the tissue composition

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34
Q

spatial resolution is expressed in

A

3 dimensions; x axis, y axis, and z axis (grayscale bit depth)

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35
Q

each pixel corresponds to a three dimensional volume of tissue called a

A

voxel

36
Q

what type relationship between matrix size and resolution

A

direct relationship

37
Q

each image is made of a

A

matrix

38
Q

matrix contains

A

numerous pixels

39
Q

the greater the matrix size, the greater the _

why?

A

resolution

a larger matrix provides smaller pixels

40
Q

the matrix size is dependent on the

A

sampling frequency and the IR size

41
Q

what are the two pixel sizes that are used in medical imaging

A

acquisition pixel size

display pixel size

42
Q

Pixel size is dependent on the

A

sampling frequency

43
Q

resolution is controlled by

A

matrix size

44
Q

the larger the matrix size, the better the

A

spatial resolution

45
Q

of photons striking the IP

A

Signal

46
Q

A high SNR is _, a low SNR is _

A

desirable

undesirable

47
Q

`the noisiest component of most digital systems is the

A

television camera

48
Q

What does SNR stand for

A

Signal to Noise ratio

49
Q

CNR means

A

contrast to noise ratio

50
Q

the ability of an imaging modality to distinguish between various contrasts of an acquired image and the inherent noise in the image

A

CNR

51
Q

what is desirable for CNR

A

a high CNR

52
Q

measure of the total amount of contrast within the image; a high contrast image has a high frequency

A

frequency

53
Q

subject contrast and acquired data contrast has a direct relationship; when subject contrast is high, acquired data contrast will also be high

A

contrast

54
Q

disturbance in clarity

A

noise

55
Q

systems ability to distinguish between similar tissues

A

contrast resolution

56
Q

computer system must have _ range for optimal contrast resolution

A

sufficient dynamic range

57
Q

the # of shades of gray that can be represented by the computer

A

dynamic range (wide latitude) of LCD monitor

58
Q

the max. # of shades of gray that can be represented by a digital imaging system is the

A

numeric range of each pixel or “bit depth”

59
Q

the actual dynamic range may be less than the

A

bit depth

60
Q

the greater the dynamic range, the better the

A

contrast resolution

61
Q

low dynamic range = _ contrast

A

high

62
Q

High dynamic range= _ contrast which allows for a

A

low

wider latitude

63
Q

what represents the # of bits used to reproduce image gray levels

A

bit depth

64
Q

formula for Bit depth

A

8 bits=2 to the 8th power=256 gray scale levels

65
Q

bit depth is determined by the _ based on the

A

manufacturer

imaging procedures the equipment is required for

66
Q

random background info. that is detected but does not contribute to image quality

A

Noise

67
Q

Noise appears as

A

quantum Mottle (grainy appearance)

68
Q

Image noise has an _ relationship with contrast; increased noise

A

inverse

69
Q

what are the 6 digital imaging quality factors

A 
brightness
gray scale
resolution
distortion
exposure index
noise
70
Q

what is the intensity of light represented by each pixel on the IR ( replaces the word density)

A

brightness

71
Q

difference in brightness between light and dark areas of an image

A

contrast

72
Q

scatter is controlled by

A

correct use of grids
close collimation
optimal kV

73
Q

what is recorded sharpness of structures

A

resolution

74
Q

in addition to pixel size, _ is controlled by the display matrix

A

resolution

75
Q

numeric value that represents the exposure that the IR received

A

exposure index

76
Q

random disturbance that obscures image quality

A

noise

77
Q

most manufactures have an exposure indicator that provides information on the average amount of radiation received is w/in “range” for _

A

acceptable range of exposure

post-processing manipulation

78
Q

Kodak uses _ index

A

exposure

79
Q

this # represents the exposure the IR represents the exposure the IR received

A

exposure index

80
Q

must be w/in range to

A

post-process

81
Q

Agfa uses

A

log-median exposure

82
Q

what compares exposure level to baseline established for department

A

log median exposure

83
Q

Fuji uses

A

S #

84
Q

High S # means

low S # means

A

IR was underexposed

IP was overexposed

85
Q

Phillips uses a

A

S #

86
Q

High S # means

low S # means

A

IR was underexposed

IP was overexposed

Dose Limits for Ionizing Radiation (16 decks)

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