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Oral Radiology > Radiation Biology Part 4 > Flashcards

Radiation Biology Part 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the goals for oral and maxillofacial radiology

A
  • reduced radiation exposure
  • maintain a high degree of diagnostic efficiency
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2
Q

what does ALARA stand for

A

as low as reasonably achievable

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3
Q

what factors are prioritized in ALARA

A
  • time
  • distance
  • shielding factors
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4
Q

what are the MANDATED dose reduction mechanisms for the X ray tube head

A
  • filtration
    -collimation
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5
Q

what is filtration and what does it do

A
  • selective passage of contents through a specified substance
  • selectively removes a greater proportion of low keV x ray photons
  • increases mean energy of the beam
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6
Q

what is the mandated minimum total aluminum filtration for <50 kV

A

-0.5mm

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7
Q

what is the mandated minimum total aluminum filtration for 50-70 kV

A

1.5mm

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8
Q

what is mandated minimum total aluminum filtration for >70 kV

A

2.5mm

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9
Q

what is the maximum diameter of the exit side beam collimation and what shape is preferred

A

2.75 inches
- rectangular preferred

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10
Q

what are the optional dose reduction mechanisms for X ray tube head

A
  • rectangular collimator
  • high kV generator/transformer
  • constant potential (DC) fully rectifiied
  • increased focal length
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11
Q

what is the name of another device that uses a rectangular collimator

A

Tru-align

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12
Q

area exposed is related to the:

A

maximum size of the beam

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13
Q

effective dose is relative of:

A

the specific technique

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14
Q

higher kV units are:

A

larger and heavier

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15
Q

higher kV = _____ dose

A

lower

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16
Q

what are the benefits of constant potential (DC) fully rectified

A
  • high detail and sharp X rays with 20-30% less radiation
  • increased diagnostics with variable tube voltage due to a 60-70 kV DC multi pulse generator
17
Q

increase of long BID benefits:

A
  • 27% less head volume
  • reduced effective dose
  • sharper image
18
Q

what are the dose reduction mechanisms practice options

A
  • film speed
  • lead Pb thyroid collar
  • film holding devices with beam alignment capability
  • time- temperature quality control processing
19
Q

what are the film speeds

A
  • D speed (ultraspeed)
  • E speed
  • F speed ( insight)
  • digital receptors: PSPP, CCD, CMOS
20
Q

what are the ways we protect patients

A
  • lead apron
  • thyroid collar
21
Q

what are the patient shielding recommendations during dentomaxillofacial radiology

A

1: discontinue shielding of the gonads, pelvic structures, and fetuses during all dentomaxillofacial radiographic imaging procedures
2: thyroid sheilding not used during intraoral, panoramic, cephalometric and CBCT imaging

22
Q

where should the operator be during an exposure taken with a wall mounted X ray unit

A

-behind a protective barrier
- if protective barrier not present, stand at least 6 feet from the patient at an angle between 90-135 degrees to the direction of the useful beam

23
Q

what should the operator never do

A
  • stand in the primary beam
  • hold film or other receptors in a patient’s mouth
24
Q

what needs to be worn by all full time operators of radiographic equipment while x ray exposures are being made

A

dosimeter badges

25
Q

the annual occupational whole body exposure cannot exceed

A

50mSv

26
Q

operators who are pregnant will not receive more than _____ to the embryo or fetus during the term of pregnancy

A

5mSv

27
Q

what are the names of the self contained, hand held portable dental X ray units

A
  • NOMAD
  • NOMAD Pro
28
Q

how does NOMAD violate current radiology statutes

A
  • the operator is not standing at least 6 feet away from patient or behind a protective barrier
  • neither the tube housing nor the position indicating device shall be hand held during exposure
29
Q

what are the exemptions for licensed hand held units

A
  • a backscatter shield must be permanently mounted to the cone and used at all times during radiographic exposure
  • operators must wear a personnel monitor device that is evaluated monthly
  • all personnel must receive training in the safe use of these x ray systems and records of the training kept for review
30
Q

what are the primary features of NOMAD Pro

A
  • backscatter shield
  • end of PID
  • control panel
  • battery in entire handle
  • trigger
31
Q

how should you maximize the operators area of protection when using the backscatter shield

A
  • place the backscatter shield at the end of the PID
  • align the PID close to the patient
  • keep all body parts within the area of the shield’s protection

Oral Radiology (26 decks)

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