Ionizing Radiation

Question 1

what is matter

Answer 1

anything that has mass and occupies a space

Question 2

what is the basic unit of all matter

Answer 2

the atom

Question 3

what does a nucleus consists of

Answer 3

protons and neutrons

Question 4

what does the atomic number represent

Answer 4

• number of protons
• same as # of electrons in a neutral atom

Question 5

how many protons does Ca have (atomic number is 20)

Answer 5

20

Question 6

what is atomic mass

Answer 6

number of protons + neutrons

Question 7

what is the closest shell letter to outermost

Answer 7

K -> Q

Question 8

what is the binding energy

Answer 8

the amount of energy required to remove an electron from its shell

Question 9

what is binding energy measured in

Answer 9

electron volts

Question 10

how is the electron binding energy related to the atomic number

Answer 10

the more protons -> electrons are more tightly bound

Question 11

what is ionization

Answer 11

process of forming a positive and negative ion by removal of an electron from an neutral atom

Question 12

to ionize an atom we need:

Answer 12

sufficient external energy to overcome the electrostatic forces and free the electron

Question 13

what is radiation

Answer 13

the transmission of energy through space and matter

Question 14

what are the two forms of radiation

Answer 14

wave theory or quantum theory

Question 15

what does the wave theory explain

Answer 15

the propagation of radiation

Question 16

what does the quantum theory explain

Answer 16

the interaction of radiation with matter

Question 17

explain the waves theory

Answer 17

propagation of radiation in from of waves- no mass- traveling at the speed of light
- electromagnetic radiation

Question 18

what is wavelength

Answer 18

distance between two successive crests

Question 19

what is frequency

Answer 19

number of wavelentgh passing a particular point in time

Question 20

high energy radiation =

Answer 20

high frequency, short wavelength

Question 21

low energy radiation:

Answer 21

low frequency, long wavelength

Question 22

what of electromagnetic spectrum is non ionizing

Answer 22

radio waves
- microwaves
- infared radiation
- visible light
- most of UV

Question 23

what part of the electromagnetic spectrum is ionizing

Answer 23

X rays and gamma rays
- some of UV

Question 24

red in visible light spectrum is _____ energy

Answer 24

lower

Question 25

what is the quantum theory

Answer 25

considers radiation as small discrete bundles of energy called photons

Question 26

each photon has:

Answer 26

mass, energy and travels in straight lines at the speed of light

Question 27

in the quantum theory particles are

Answer 27

electrically charged

Question 28

in the quantum theory whats the relationshiip between energy, wavelength and frequency

Answer 28

energy is directly proportional to frequency and inversely proportional to wavelength

Question 29

what is ionizing rate

Answer 29

• linear energy transfer (LET)
• rate of loss of energy from a particle as it moves through matter

Question 30

what does ionizing rate depend on

Answer 30

velocity, charge and size

Question 31

lower velocity, higher charge and bigger size -> ______ LET

Answer 31

greater

Question 32

what does higher LET mean

Answer 32

less penetration because they lose their energy after short distances

Question 33

what has high LET

Answer 33

alpha particles

Question 34

what has low LET

Answer 34

x rays

Question 35

what are X rays

Answer 35

weightless packages of pure energy without an electrical charge which travels in waves with a specific frequency and wavelength at the speed of light and are able to ionize matter

Question 36

what are the properties of Xrays

Answer 36

• invisble, weightless, no electric charge
• travels in straight lines
• travels at the speed of light
• highly penetrating
• differentially absorbed by matter
  -can ionize matter
  -produce biological changes

Question 37

what is excitation

Answer 37

• when energy transferred is not sufficient to overcome binding energy and electron is not ejected
• receiving electron is raised to higher energy level within the orbit. give up this excess energy and returns to ground level