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physics gcse > radiation > Flashcards

radiation Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 types of particles that make up the atom

A

proton
neutron
electron

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2
Q

what particles are found in the nucleus

A

protons and neutrons

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3
Q

what orbits the nucleus

A

electrons

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4
Q

charge and mass of a proton

A

+1
1

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5
Q

charge and mass on neutron

A

0
1

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6
Q

charge and mass of electron

A

-1
1/1836

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7
Q

the nnumber of protons is called

A

the atomic number

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8
Q

the number of protons and neutrons is called

A

the mass number

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9
Q

what are nucleons

A

protons and neutrons

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10
Q

what experiment did rutherford carry out

A

alpha scattering experiment

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11
Q

what did rutherfords experiment show

A

that alpha particles ca pass through thin gold foil

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12
Q

what did he do in this experiment

A

he fired aplha particles at thin golf foil. detectors were used to find how thr alpha particles were scattered by the gold atoms

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13
Q

rutherfords explanation

A

rutherford showed that this could be explained if each atom has a tiny core or nucleus with a positive charge. a positive nucleus repels positive alpha particles so that they are scattered in different directions

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14
Q

observation: most of the aplha particles went straight through the foil
explanation:

A

nucleus must be tiny (easy for alpha particles to miss)

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15
Q

obervation: some particles were slightly deflected
explanation:

A

nucleus is charged

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16
Q

obervation: a few particles “bounced” staight back

A

nucleus is positively charged and has much more mass than the alpha particle

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17
Q

3 types of radiation

A

alpha
beta
gamma

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18
Q

symbol equation for alpha particle

A

4 4
He or ∝
2 2

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19
Q

symbol equation for beta particle

A

0 0
B or e
-1 -1

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20
Q

where does rutherfords experiment happen

A

a vacuum

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21
Q

when writing symbol equations it is important to remember that:

A

-mass numbers must balance
-atomic numbers must balance

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22
Q

background radiation comes from:

A

rocks in the ground
bricks in building
nuclear waste from power stations and bomb tests
hospitals
outer space

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23
Q

how do u measure background radiation

A

set up a G-M tube with no radioactive sources present
measure the count over a long period of time
divide the number of counts by the time to get the count rate in whichever unit is appropriate

24
Q

what is a corrected count rate

A

one which has the background rate suntracted from it

25
Q

what is meant by background radiation

A

radiation that is present in our enviroment all ready

26
Q

why is it vital that radiation doesnt get into r food chain

A

radioactivity is much more dangereous insude the body

27
Q

what does ionising radiation mean

A

radiation that can remove electrons from atomd in its path, so it has an ionising effect

28
Q

the range of radioactivity is …

A

how far we could expect it to travel in a particular material before being stopped

29
Q

why is ionising radiation so dangerous

A

when a molecule of genes in living cells is ionised, the genetic material of a cell id damaged and may become cancerous

30
Q

name the 3 forms of nuclear radiation

A

alpha- ∝
beta- β
gamma- γ

31
Q

dangers of radioactivity for living cells

A

when radiation collides with molecules in living cells it damages them. if the DNA in the nucleus of a cell is damaged, the cell may become cancerous. the cell then goes out of control, divides rapidly and causes serious health problems

32
Q

radiations is harmful because of its …

A

penetrating nature, and its ability to ionise

33
Q

why is alpha radiation the most dangerous inside the body

A

because it is easily absorbed by cells

34
Q

what type of radiation is the most dangerous inside the body

A

alpha radiation

35
Q

what type of radiation is the least dangerous inside the body

A

beta and gamma

36
Q

why is beta and gamma radiation not as dangerous inside the body

A

because they are less likely to be absorbed by a cell and will usually just pass right through

37
Q

what type of radiation is the least dangerous outside the body

A

alpha

38
Q

what type of radiation is the most dangerous outside the body

A

beta and gamma

39
Q

why is alpha radiation not as dangerous outside the body

A

because it is unlikely to reach living cells inside the body

40
Q

why is beta and gamma radiation dangerous outside the body

A

because they can penetrate the skin and damage cells inside

41
Q

protection when handling radioactive sources

A

-wearing protective clothing
-keeping the source as far away as possible by using tongs
-limiting the exposure tome to as little as possible
-keeping radioactive materials in lead lined containers

42
Q

uses of radioactivity

A

-in smoke detectors
-for sterilising medical instruments
-for killing cancer cells
-for dating rocks and materials such as archaeological finds
-in chemical tracers to help with medical diagnosis
-for measuring the thickness of materials in, for example a paper factory

43
Q

decay is _____________________

A

random and spontaneous

44
Q

what does random mean

A

we can’t predict when it will happen

45
Q

what does spontaneous mean

A

it happens on its own without are influence

46
Q

definitions of half life

A
  1. the time for the number of undecayed nuclei to fall to half of its previous volume
  2. the time for the activity to fall to half of its previous value
47
Q

what is nuclear fission

A

occurs when a large nucleus splits into two or more smaller nuclei

48
Q

where is nuclear fusion used

A

used in nuclear power stations to generate electricity

49
Q

summary of what happens in fission

A

uranium nucleus absorbs a neutron, then splits into two or more smaller nuclei, releasing energy, and several neutrons. these neutrons can then go on to cause other reactions and cause a chain reaction

50
Q

what is nuclear fusion

A

occurs when two light nuclei (hydrogen) join to form a new heavier nucleus (helium)

51
Q

where does nuclear fusion occur

A

in stars- it is the source of their energy

52
Q

what elements are used in fusion

A

isotopes of hydrogen

53
Q

name the 3 forms of hydrogen

A

hydrogen
deuterium
tritium

54
Q

write out a typical fusion reaction

A

2/1 H + 3/1 H → 4/2 He + 1/0 n + energy

55
Q

what conditions are required for fusion reactions to occur

A

extremely high temperatures and pressure

56
Q

why is fusion seen as a potential solution to solve the energy crisis

A

-the isotopes of hydrogen are widely available as the constituents of seawater
-fusion does not emit carbon dioxide or other green house gases into the atmosphere
- its major by-product is helium, which is inset and non-toxic

57
Q

how does fusion compare to fossil fuels and fission in terms of energy output

A
  • fusion releases 4 million times more energy per kg than burning coal, oil or gas
  • fusion releases 4 times as much energy as nuclear fission reactions per kg

physics gcse (7 decks)

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