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SUMRAD > RAD-US > Flashcards

RAD-US Flashcards

1
Q

What are advantages of an US?

A

-portable -easy -can do immediately at the bedside -interpret real-time (POCUS) -no radiation -can scan almost anything -low cost -can be taught to anyone!

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2
Q

What are the disadvantages of other imaging modalities (MRI/Ct/X-ray)?

A

-usually have to move patient -radiation -time consuming -need radiologist to help interpret many -expensive -obesity can be a barrier -may have to give contrast

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3
Q

What are the disadvantages of an US?

A

-less detailed -can miss things -operator error

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4
Q

What are the advantages of other imaging modalities?

A

-higher level of detail -less dependent on human error -choice for brain/neuro pathology

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5
Q

How do US work?

A

Ultrasound probe sends and receives sound waves - the object will transmit waves depending on its density that will bounce back and show a picture based on the sound waves

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6
Q

What does hyperechoic mean?

A

-tissue reflects -ULS waves appear bright

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7
Q

What things will appear hyperechoic?

A

-bones -stones -muscle (not super bright) -liver/kidney

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8
Q

What does hypoechoic mean?

A

-tissue absorbs ULS waves and not a lot is getting reflected back -will appear dark

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9
Q

What things appear hypoechoic?

A

-blood -fluid

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10
Q

What does isoechoic mean?

A

same echogenicity as surrounding structures

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11
Q

What does anechoic mean?

A

-No intermal echos -dark w/ no activity

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12
Q

What is shadowing?

A

-an object is so reflected that below that there is less activity casting a shadow -this is very common with stones

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13
Q

Does air reflect or absorb US waves?

A

Neither! It’s the enemy on US

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14
Q

Turning the gain up does what?

A

It makes the picture brighter so, turning it down makes it darker

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15
Q

What are the kinds of probes we use?

A
  1. linear 2. phased array (aka: cardiac) 3. curvilinear 4. endocavitary
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16
Q

Describe the linear probe and what we use it for.

A

-high frequency = can see better detail but over very small area -used for: skin/soft tissue, blood vessels, most procedures and eye -beams do not go very deep

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17
Q

Describe the phased array probe and what we use it for.

A

-small face but fans out into larger region -great for getting in between ribs into intercostal spaces (bone causes lots of artifact and can impair image) -best for echo -called the cardiac probe

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18
Q

Describe the curvilinear probe and what we use it for.

A

-low frequency - poor detail -large, wide face helps with scanning large areas -great for abdominal exam

19
Q

Describe the endocavitary probe and what we use it for.

A

-intraoral - looking for peritonsillar abscess -vaginal ultrasound to look at ovaries/uterus

20
Q

What if a FAST exam?

A

-focused assessment with sonography in trauma -looking for “free fluid” (blood) in RUQ, LUQ, suprapubic region, orvpericardium -can be expanded to look for hemothorax/pneumothorax as well

21
Q

What probe do we use for a FAST exam?

A

-curvilinear probe b/c of the large surface area -doesn’t give a lot of detail, but we can easily identify free fluid/blood

22
Q

What are the goals of a FAST exam?

A

-rapidly identify source of hypotension in trauma patient: free-fluid in the abdomen including hemorrhage -check 3 places where blood loss can happen (abdomen, pericardium, and lung) -in hypotensive patient, don’t need to wait for ct > go directly to OR -can decide to put in chest tube immediately -WAY less invasive than DPL (diagnostic peritoneal lavage)

23
Q

What is a DPL?

A

-diagnositc peritoneal lavage -put fluid into the abdomen and draw it back out to see if blood comes back -we don’t want to do this if we can avoid it, because we’re violating the peritoneum

24
Q

What are views of the bedside echo?

A

-parasternal long axis -parasternal short axis -subxiphoid -apical 4 chamber **not the same as a detailed cardiology echo

25
Q

What probe do we use for a bedside echo?

A

phased array probe! b/c the small face can be fit between rib spaces

26
Q

What are the goals of a bedside echo?

A
  1. Is there a pericardial effusion? 2. Is the LV function normal or depressed? 3. Is chamber size normal or abnormal?
27
Q

What’s the probe placement of a parasternal long axis view?

A

-the probe is placed just left of the sternal border with the marker facing the patient’s right shoulder

28
Q

What’s the probe placement of a parasternal short axis?

A

-from the PLAX rotate the probe by 90 degrees towards the patient’s right hip to obtain the short axis view

29
Q

What’s the probe placements for a subxiphoid view?

A

place the probe at a flat angle just below the xiphoid process

30
Q

What’s the probe placement for an apical 4 chamber view?

A

slide the probe towards the PMI and flatten the angle

31
Q

When’s the only time you will really see the lung?

A

If it’s floating in fluid!!

32
Q

If we are doing a lung US, when would we use the curvilinear probe?

A

we’d use it to look at the pleural spaces between ribs

33
Q

Are A lines normal or abnormal?

A

Normal!!

34
Q

Are B lines normal or abnormal?

A

Abnormal! Associated with HF

35
Q

How can we assess a pneumothorax with US?

A

-use a linear probe -look for normal lung sliding

36
Q

What probe do we use for a gallbladder US?

A

curvilinear probe

37
Q

How do we perform a gallbladder US?

A

-left lateral decubitus -identify the fundus, neck and common bile duct -stones are hyperechoic with shadowing

38
Q

What are some s/sx of cholecystitis?

A

-fluid around the gallbladder -murphy’s sign -stone -shadowing

39
Q

What probe do we use for a kidney US?

A

Curvilinear probe

40
Q

How do we perform a kidney US?

A

-fast view orientation in RUQ/LUQ -look for dilation of the collecting system (hydronephrosis)

41
Q

What kind of probe do we use to a DVT US?

A

linear probe

42
Q

How do we do a DVT US?

A

-we look at the femoral vessels and the popliteal vessel -compress the veins with the probe -veins will not collapse in the presence of the DVT

43
Q

What probe do we use for an abdominal aorta US?

A

curvilinear probe

44
Q

How do we perform an abdominal aorta US?

A

-start in transverse view over epigastrium -follow aorta down to iliac bifurcation -should be no wider than 3 cm

SUMRAD (13 decks)

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