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RTT Science > Rad Science Test 1 > Flashcards

Rad Science Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

T or F :Biologically Effective Dose is a tool to understand tumor and normal tissue control by using different treatment times and dose fractionation schedules.

A

True

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2
Q

Of the 3 Stages of Fetal Development & Radiation Effects on Humans in Utero, the organogensis stage is from

A

Day 10 - week 6 of gestation

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3
Q

Gastrointestinal (GI) Syndrome:
1. Cause of death
2. Survival time
3. Dose range

A
  1. Irreparable changes to GI tract and bone marrow
  2. 3 - 10 days
  3. 1k - 10k cGy
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4
Q

List the cell populations from extremely low radiosensitivity to extremely high radiosensitivity

A

FPM, RPM, Vessels/connective tissue, DIM, VIM

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5
Q

Therapeutic Ratio =

A

normal tissue tolerance dose/tumor lethal dose

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6
Q

Preimplantation Stage radiation exposure side effects

A

Embryonic death & reabsorption

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7
Q

Organogenesis radiation exposure side effects

A

-abnormalities or neonatal death
-like microcephaly, very high risk of mental retardation
-damage to skeleton or sensory organs

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8
Q

Fetal Growth Stage Symptoms

A

-if exposed, effects are typically present at birth
-high risk of mental retardation

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9
Q

T or F :LET and RBE have a direct relationship.

A

True

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10
Q

T or F :OER is lower for high-LET radiation.

A

True

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11
Q

T or F: Acute changes occur within 6 months of treatment.

A

True

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12
Q

What is the most sensitive part of the cell?

A

DNA

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13
Q

What is direct Ionization:

A

damage is caused directly to the DNA

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14
Q

Division Delay is the disruption in the mitotic index, the ratio of the number of mitotic cells to the total # of cells in the irradiated population, caused by irradiated cells and is also known as

A

Mitotic Delay

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15
Q

Stochastic effects are

A

radiation responses are common for low-dose exposure & late responses

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16
Q

Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau states that radiation is more effective against cells that:

A

-undifferentiated
-have a long mitotic future
-actively mitotic

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17
Q

T or F: Strandquist Isoeffect Curves plot of total dose versus treatment duration.

A

True

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18
Q

Deterministic (non-stochastic) effects are

A

radiation responses common to high dose exposure & early responses

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19
Q

LD 50/30 is:

A

radiation dose that would cause 50% of population to die in 30 days

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20
Q

Acute side effects include:

A

inflammation (erythema)

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21
Q

Chronic effects include:

A

Atrophy, Ulceration, Fibrosis

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22
Q

What energies (3) have low LET

A

Diagnostic x-rays
Electrons
Gamma Rays

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23
Q

Prodromal phase:
1. Time it lasts
2. Symptoms

A
  1. Minutes to several days
  2. GI or neurological, Correlate to dose
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24
Q

Latent Phase:
1. Time it lasts
2. Symptoms

A
  1. Hours to weeks
  2. No symptoms present
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25
Q

Manifest Illness Phase
1. Time it lasts
2. Symptoms

A
  1. Hours to months
  2. Symptoms evident and correlate with dose
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26
Q

The most radioresistant cell cycle is the __________________ phase

A

S Phase

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27
Q

Hematopoietic Syndrome (bone marrow syndrome):
1. Radiation Dose
2. Surival time
3. Main cause of death

A
  1. 100-1K cGy
  2. Few months
  3. Destruction of bone marrow
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28
Q

Cerebrovascular(CV)/Central Nervous System (CNS) syndrome:
1. Radiation Dose
2. Surival time
3. Main cause of death

A
  1. Greater than 5K cGy
  2. 3 days
  3. Increased pressure in cranium, edema, vasculitis, meningitis
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29
Q

A cell response to radiation is cell death; characterized by nuclear fragmentation, cell lysis, & phagocytosis of the chromatin bodies by neighboring cells is _________

A

Apoptosis

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30
Q

Which phases do irradiated cells result in interphase death?

A

G1
G2
S

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31
Q

T or F: LET is an average calculated by dividing the energy deposited in keV by the distance traveled in micrometers

A

True

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32
Q

Which llaw states that the extent of radiation damage can change depending on the cell’s external factors is associated with ______________.

A

Ancel and Vitemberger (P.C.B)

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33
Q

Biological factors that influence response to radiation are:

A

-position in the cell cycle
-ability to repair sublethal damage

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34
Q

Limitations to the Nominal Standard Dose equation are:

A

-Doesn’t account for the irradiated volume
-Based on connective tissue response

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35
Q

The ___________ is the death of irradiated cells before these cells reach mitosis

A

Interphase Death

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36
Q

T or F: Amifostine (Ethyol) is a radiosensitizer.

A

False

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37
Q

Chemical factors that influence response to radiation are:

A

radioprotectors & radiosensitizers

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38
Q

The most radiosensitive cell cycle is the ____________ phase

A

M phase

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39
Q

The biologic effect of fractionation depends on the Four R’s. What are the four R’s?

A

Repair
Repopulation
Reoxygenation
Redistribution

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40
Q

Physical factors that influence response to radiation are:

A

LET
Dose Rate

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41
Q

Of the 3 Stages of Fetal Development & Radiation Effects on Humans in Utero, the fetal growth stage is from:

A

end of week 6 of gestation - birth

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42
Q

Mitotic death is also referred to as ___________.

A

Reproductive failure

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43
Q

Chronic Effects include all but the following:

A

Erythema

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44
Q

Which particles have a higher LET.

A

-Protons
-Alpha particles

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45
Q

Of the 3 Stages of Fetal Development & Radiation Effects on Humans in Utero, the preimplantation stage is from:

A

Day 0-10 of gestation

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46
Q

The dose of radiation to healthy tissue that will cause a 5% chance of complication
within 5 years of the delivered dose is:

A

TD5/5

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47
Q

T or F: A common free radical is hydrogen peroxide.

A

True

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48
Q

T or F: Stromal compartment is supporting and considered intermediate radiosensitive.

A

True

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49
Q

Interphase (mitosis) characteristics

A

-cell growth
-replication of chromosomes
-cell not actively dividing.

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50
Q

Prophase (mitosis) characteristics

A

-Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes
-Chromatids become attached at the
centromere
-Spindle fibers appear
-The nucleolus &
nuclear envelope disappear

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51
Q

Metaphase (mitosis) characteristics

A

-Spindle fibers attach to each chromatid
-Chromosomes align across the center of the cell

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52
Q

Anaphase (mitosis) characteristics

A

-Centromeres break apart
-Chromosomes move away from the center of the cell
-The cleavage furrow appears.

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53
Q

Telophase (mitosis) characteristics

A

-The nuclear envelope and both nuclei appear
-The cytoplasm and organelles divide
equally
-The process of cell division is completed.

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54
Q

What is the unit of energy?

A

Joule

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55
Q

The distinct difference between alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) is that:

A

DC electron flow is in one direction

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56
Q

___________ is the quantity of matter as described by its energy equivalence.

A

Mass

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57
Q

Coulomb’s law states that electrostatic force is:

A

Inversely proportional to the square of the distance between charges

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58
Q

Atoms with all electron shells filled are:

A

chemically stable

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59
Q

Ionizing radiation is a special type of radiation that is capable of ____________ an orbital electron from the atom with which it interacts.

A

removing

60
Q

Half-life of Au-198

A

2.7 days

61
Q

Half-life of I-131

A

8 days

62
Q

Half-life of I-125

A

59.4 days

63
Q

Half-life of Ir-192

A

73.8 days

64
Q

Half-life of Co-60

A

5.26 years

65
Q

Half-life of Sr-90

A

28 years

66
Q

Half-life of Cs-137

A

30 years

67
Q

T or F: An element is the smallest particle that has all the properties of an atom.

A

False

68
Q

Electrostatic Laws:

A

-electric charge distribution is uniform throughout or on the surface
-unlike charges attract, like charges repel
-electrostatic force is directly proportional to the product of the electrostatic charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
-electric charge of a conductor is concentrated along the sharpest curvature of the surface

69
Q

What is a Conductor

A

any substance through which electrons easily flow

70
Q

Semi-conductor

A

a material that under some conditions behaves as an insulator and in other conditions behaves as a conductor

71
Q

Superconductor

A

property of some materials to exhibit no resistance below a critical temperature

72
Q

Insulator

A

any material that does not allow electrons to flow through

73
Q

To apply the inverse square law, one must know:

A

2 distances & 1 intensity

74
Q

Radiation is:

A

energy transferred

75
Q

X-ray wavelength is Inversely proportional to …

A

frequency

76
Q

What are 2 principal class of ionizing radiation?

A

Particulate and Electromagnetic

77
Q

What is the largest source of human exposure to man-made radiation?

A

Medical diagnostic radiation

78
Q

What wave parameters are needed to define electromagnet radiation?

A

-velocity
-frequency
-wavelength

79
Q

The difference between electrons and beta particles is:

A

their origin

80
Q

Which of the following is not one of the four special quantities of radiation measurement?

A

Affective Dose

81
Q

Which of the following is an example of electromagnetic radiation?

A

Visible light

82
Q

What is the rate of change of object’s position with time

A

velocity

83
Q

What is the rate of change of velocity with time

A

acceleration

84
Q

product of mass and acceleration

A

force

85
Q

product of mass and the acceleration of gravity

A

weight

86
Q

product of mass and velocity

A

momentum

87
Q

product of force and distance

A

work

88
Q

quotient of work by time

A

power

89
Q

boiling point in C

A

100 degrees celsius

90
Q

freezing point in C

A

0 degrees celsius

91
Q

The principle difference between x-rays and gamma rays is their:

A

origin
-x-rays come from the electron cloud
-gamma rays come from the nucleus

92
Q

The periodic table presents the elements in the order of:

A

Atomic number

93
Q

What is Alpha particles “A” number:

A

4

94
Q

Beta particles characteristics

A

-light particles with an atomic mass of 0
-carry 1 unit of negative & positive charge

95
Q

A single unit of electromagnetic radiation is also called a/an:

A

Photon

96
Q

What does the “c” represent in the Mass-Energy equation of E = mc2?

A

Velocity

97
Q

T or F: X-rays can be compacted

A

False

98
Q

What is the maximum number of electrons allowed in the outermost shell of an atom in the third period, n=3?

A

18

99
Q

Isotopes are atoms:

A

-Of the same element
-with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

100
Q

All of the following are fundamental particles within an atom, except:

A

photons

101
Q

The Inverse square law states that:

A

Intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance

102
Q

Radiation that cannot penetrate a sheet of paper and has ahelium nucleus is a ___

A

Alpha particle

103
Q

What has Uncharged radiation and is Highly penetrating

A

Gamma Ray

104
Q

A substance composed of atoms with unstable nuclei is called

A

Radioactive

105
Q

What is Radioactivity

A

-spontaneous emission of energy particles from unstable nuclei
-rate of decay of radioactive material

106
Q

The number of protons in the nucleus is called the:

A

Atomic number

107
Q

T or F: An atom is the smallest particle that has all the properties of an element

A

True

108
Q

What are the base quantities that are building blocks of all other quantities:

A

-length
-time
-mass

109
Q

Radioisotopes have ___ nuclei

A

Unstable

110
Q

The expression that relates x-ray energy and wave-length through Planck’s constant is:

A

E = hv

111
Q

In approximately how many half-lives will the activity of 10 mCi (0.3 GBq) of I
(Radioactive Half-life= 8 days) be reduced to 0.1 mCi (3.7 MBq)?

A

10 half-lives

112
Q

All elements are arranged into _____ groups as shown in the periodic table of
elements.

A

eight

113
Q

Radiology unit for energy

A

electron volt (eV)

114
Q

Energy emitted & transferred through space is called:

A

Radiation

115
Q

Matter that intercepts radiation and absorbs part or all of it, is said to be:

A

irradiated

116
Q

Air Kerma:

A

-describes a quantity for indirectly ionizing radiation
-NOT a measure of biological damage(unable to show energy absorbed locally)

117
Q

Kerma is

A

-kinetic energy released in the medium per unit mass at a specific point
-SI unit is Gray (Gy)

118
Q

1 Gray (Gy)=

A

-100 cGy
-100 rad

119
Q

What is effective dose

A

-measures the difference responses to radiation in different organs
-accounts for radiation sensitivities of different organs & tissues

120
Q

Exposure measures

A

the total number of ionizations produced by photons in a unit mass of air

121
Q

Radiation Dose Equivalent:

A

-calculated for individual organs
-based on the absorbed dose to an organ
-accounts for the effectiveness of the type of radiation

122
Q

Isobar is a

A

atom that have the same number of nucleons but different numbers of protons & neutrons

123
Q

Isomer

A

atoms that have the same number of protons and neutrons but a different nuclear energy state

124
Q

Isotone:

A

atoms that have the same number of neutrons but different number of protons

125
Q

Fuse:

A

an electrical safety device consisting of or including a wire or strip of fusible metal that melts and interrupts the circuit when the current exceeds a particular amperage

126
Q

Ground:

A

a large conducting body used as a common return for an electric circuit and as an arbitrary zero of potential

127
Q

Circuit breaker:

A

a switch that automatically interrupts the current of an overloaded electric circuit

128
Q

Electromagnetic induction:

A

the process of using magnetic fields to produce voltage, and in a closed circuit, a current

129
Q

Electromechanical devices:

A

the type of motor used with x-ray tubes is an induction motor which powers the rotation anode of the x-ray tube

130
Q

Anode:

A

positively charged electrode by which the electrons leave a device

131
Q

Cathode:

A

negatively charged electrode by which the electrons enter a device

132
Q

What does a Transformer do

A

changes the intensity of alternating voltage and current in an AC circuit

133
Q

Electromagnetic Radiation:

A

-oscillating electric & magnetic fields that travel in a vacuum with the velocity of light
-includes x-rays, gamma rays, & some nonionizing radiation

134
Q

Characteristics of non-ionizing Radiation is:

A

-longer wavelength
-lower frequency
-lower energy

135
Q

Characteristics of ionizing Radiation is:

A

-shorter wavelength
-higher frequency
-higher energy

136
Q

3 most important regions of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum:

A

-visible light
-x-ray & gamma radiation
-radiofrequency

137
Q

Radioactive Half-life is:

A

the time required for a quantity of radioactivity to be reduced to 1/2 its original value

138
Q

Alpha Decay

A

-consists of 2 neutrons & 2 protons bound together that has been stripped of its 2 electrons
-nuclei with an atomic number (Z) greater than 82

139
Q

Beta- Decay:

A

-each nucleus emits an electron & antineutrino
-mass number stays the same & atomic number increases by 1

140
Q

Beta+ Decay

A

-each nucleus emits a positron & a neutrino
-mass number stays the same & atomic number decreases by 1

141
Q

Attenuation is:

A

the gradual loss of intensity through a medium

142
Q

Half-value layer (HVL):

A

the thickness of some added material required to reduce the beam intensity to half of its original value

143
Q

Coherent(Rayleigh) Scattering

A

-occurs when the photon bundle passes near an orbiting electron and sets it into motion
-no energy is absorbed, it’s redirected
-probable for high atomic number materials & beams <10 keV

144
Q

Photoelectric Effect/Absorption:

A

-occurs when a photon ejects one of the orbiting electrons
-entire energy of photon is absorbed then transferred
-happens in innermost shells
-the higher the energy, the greater probability of this interaction

145
Q

Compton Effect:

A

-occurs when a photon interacts with an electron as though it were a free electron
-happens in the outer shells
-encountered electron receives some energy from the photon & is emitted at an angle from the atom
-higher the energy, the lower the probability of this interaction

146
Q

Pair Production:

A

-as the photon interacts with the strong electric field around the nucleus & gives up all its energy in the process of creating a pair of particles consisting of an electron & positron
-probability of the type of interaction increases with atomic number
-results in complete attenuation of the incident photon

147
Q

Photodisintegration:

A

-reaction in which the photon strikes the nucleus of the target atom directly & is absorbed
-nucleus emits both neutrons & beta rays

RTT Science (6 decks)

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