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RTT Science > Exam 2 Quizlet > Flashcards

Exam 2 Quizlet Flashcards

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1
Q

What does not take place when electrons are accelerated from the cathode to the anode

A

the formation of gamma x-rays

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2
Q

All of the following affect distortion, except:

A

object color

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3
Q

Teleradiology is the practice..

A

in which radiologists remotely interpret medical images and report the results

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4
Q

CPT codes are used:

A

to refer to a specific clinical situation

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5
Q

With digital radiography, the cosine law applies to:

A

off-axis viewing

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6
Q

Iodine is a ___ contrast agent

A

Positive

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7
Q

The production of heat in the anode increases directly with ___ x-ray tube current.

A

Increases

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8
Q

Photon interacts with an outer shell atomic electron and the photon becomes redirected, or scattered, from its original path without a change in energy is called

A

Coherent scattering

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9
Q

What does filtration eliminate from the beam?

A

it eliminates lower energy x-rays

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10
Q

List the stages of digital radiographing in order. (3)

A

Capture, Coupling, Collection

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11
Q

Bremsstrahlung x-rays have a ___of energies.

A

Range

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12
Q

Sharpness of Image Detail describes the

A

ability to see the detail on the image.

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13
Q

Visibility of Image Detail is best measured by

A

contrast resolution

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14
Q

Bremsstrahlung X-ray energy is ________ proportional to its wavelength.

A

inversely

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15
Q

Software computer components include:

A

-bits
-bytes
-words

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16
Q

Contrast resolution refers to:

A

ability to distinguish between and to image similar tissues

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17
Q

Differential absorption increases as the ___ is reduced.

A

kVp

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18
Q

Interaction between the x-ray and the nuclear electric field that causes the x-ray to disappear and that causes two electrons - one positive and one negative - to take its place is:

A

Pair production

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19
Q

PAC’s primary use is to:

A

store digital images

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20
Q

The bothersome magnification can be minimized by using:

A

larger SID

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21
Q

Barium is considered a ___ contrast agent

A

Positive

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22
Q

X-ray intensity is __________________ to the square of the distance from the source.

A

inversely proportional

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23
Q

Increasing filtration _____________ the average energy of an x-ray beam and x-ray intensity _______________

A

increases; decreases

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24
Q

All of the following are subject factors when assessing image quality, except:

A

object position

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25
Q

X-ray beam energy can best be identified by:

A

half value layer

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26
Q

When mAs are increased what effects happen (2)

A

-no effect on energy
-increase intensity

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27
Q

When kVp is increased what effects happen (2)

A

-increase energy
-increase intensity

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28
Q

When distance is increased what effects happen (2)

A

-no effect on energy
-reduce intensity

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29
Q

When filtration is increased what effects happen (2)
- Energy
- Intensity

A

-increase energy
-reduce intensity

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30
Q

T or F: Square law is a corollary to the inverse square law

A

True

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31
Q

What characteristic of radiographic quality is improved by using reduced x-ray exposure time?

A

motion blur

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32
Q

The purpose of Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) is to:

A

transfer images

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33
Q

Scotopic vision is related to:

A

night vision

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34
Q

Annotation:

A

label the images

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35
Q

Window & level:

A

expand the digital grayscale to visible

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36
Q

Magnification function:

A

improve visualization and spatial resolution

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37
Q

Image flip:

A

reorient image presentation

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38
Q

Image inversion:

A

make white-black & black-white

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39
Q

Subtraction (DSA) improves:

A

Image contrast

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40
Q

Pixel shift:

A

reregister an image to correct for patient motion

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41
Q

Region of interest (ROI) determines

A

average pixel value for use in quantitative imaging

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42
Q

Mag Factor is represented by which equation.
SID/SOD = Image Size/Object Size use in quantitative imaging

A

image size/object size

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43
Q

T or F: The IDC codes were developed by the American Medical Association.

A

False

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44
Q

Filters for x-ray beams are typically made from:

A

aluminum

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45
Q

T or F: Image artifacts can typically be minimized through proper alignment.

A

False

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46
Q

What x-rays are produced when an electron ionizes an inner-shell electron or a target atom?

A

characteristic x-rays

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47
Q

x-ray intensity & mAs have a ___ relationship

A

direct relationship

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48
Q

X-ray ___ determins the penetrability of an x-ray beam.

A

Quality

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49
Q

When selecting technique factors, keep exposure time as ___ as possible to ensure ___

A

High, Penetrability

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50
Q

Radiopaque appears gray on a radiograph (T/F)

A

False

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51
Q

The cones are used for __ __

A

Photopic Vision

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52
Q

Photometry is the science of the:

A

response of the human eye to visible light

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53
Q

Flatfielding is used to

A

reduce noise & improve contrast

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54
Q

___ appears darker on a radiograph.

A

Radiolucent

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55
Q

Air, when used as a contrast agent, is considered a ___ contrast agent.

A

Negative

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56
Q

The kVp changes the __ and ___ of an X-ray Emission Spectrum.

A

Amplitude and Shift

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57
Q

The kVp changes the amplitude and shift of an X-ray Emission Spectrum. (T/F)

A

True

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58
Q

High penetrability = High ___________ rays

A

Quality

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59
Q

If the kVp are increased, then the electron kinetic energy will ____________.

A

Increase

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60
Q

What is the result on the image when an anatomic structure is not equally magnified?

A

distortion

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61
Q

T or F: The toe effect results in reduced x-ray intensity to the anode side of the central axi

A

False (Heel effect)

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62
Q

Spatial resolution refers to:

A

ability to image small objects that have high subject contrast

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63
Q

What principle factors influence the shape of the x-ray emission spectrum? (3)

A
  1. Thick target, causing multiple of interactions of projectile electrons
  2. Electrons with low KE
  3. Added Filtration
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64
Q

T or F: Distortion is a misrepresentation of object size & shape on the image

A

True

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65
Q

T or F: The probability of Compton scattering depends on the atomic number of the target atom

A

False

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66
Q

Photopic vision is associated with:

A

cone vision

67
Q

What is the magnification factor? ___/___

A

image size/object size

68
Q

The rods are used principally for which of the following?

A

dim vision

69
Q

Heat production also ___ indirectly with increasing kVp (at least in the diagnostic range).

A

Decreases

70
Q

All of the following are types of filtration, except:

A

compounding filters

71
Q

Absorption of an x-ray by ionization is:

A

Photoelectric effect

72
Q

Hardware computer components include all of the following except:

A

bits

73
Q

Adaptation of computer technology to mimic the human mind in cognitive activities is _______________.

A

artificial intelligence

74
Q

When assessing image quality, which of the following would be considered a geometric factor?

A

image blur

75
Q

T or F: Characteristic x-rays have a range of energies.

A

False

76
Q

T or F: Characteristic x-rays have precisely fixed energies

A

True

77
Q

T or F: Image Receptor sometimes referred to a cassette.

A

False

78
Q

Sthenic:

A

“strong active”; average patients

79
Q

Hyposthenic:

A

thin, but healthy appearing

80
Q

Hypersthenic:

A

big in frame and usually overweight

81
Q

Asthenic:

A

small, frail, sometimes emaciated, often elderly

82
Q

Process by which very high-energy x-rays can escape interaction with electrons and the nuclear electric field and can be absorbed directly by the nucleus is:

A

photodisintegration

83
Q

An increase in mAs which increases the number of x-rays produced, ___________ the amplitude of the spectrum.

A

increase

84
Q

T or F: X-ray quality is the output intensity of an x-ray imaging system.

A

False

85
Q

If the mAs increase, the number of projectile electrons racing towards the target _____________.

A

increase

86
Q

Interaction between an X-ray and a loosely bound outer-shell electron that results in ionization and X-ray scattering.

A

compton scattering

87
Q

In medical imaging, noise results in:

A

deterioration of the radiographic image

88
Q

Penetrability is:

A

Ability of X-rays to penetrate deeper in tissue and to be transmitted through the patient to the image receptor

89
Q

Attenuation is:

A

the reduction in x-ray intensity due to absorption and scattering

90
Q

X-ray intensity is:

A

the number of x-rays in a useful beam

91
Q

X-ray beam hardening is achieved by:

A

increasing the number of high-energy X-rays in the
beam by removing the lower-energy non-penetrating x-rays

92
Q

What is the primary purpose of x-ray beam filtration?

A

to filter low-energy x-rays

93
Q

What is increased by added filtration?

A

“Effective” energy

94
Q

What x-rays are produced by the slowing down of an electron by the target atom’s nuclear field?

A

Bremsstrahlung X-rays

95
Q

What is the primary function of the x-ray tube?

A

accelerate electrons from the cathode to the anode

96
Q

___ Hardware is the components of the system that include various input and output devices

A

Physical

97
Q

Magnification factor equation:

A

SID/OID
(Image size/objest size)

98
Q
A
99
Q

T or F: Bremsstrahlung X-rays have precisely fixed energies.

A

False

100
Q

T or F: The treatment console is typically located inside the linac treatment room with a lead glass barrier

A

False

101
Q

Which of the following could be used for IGRT? (Select All that Apply) (3)

A

-CBCT
-kV imaging
-EPID

102
Q

Multi-Leaf Collimators are made of _________.

A

Tungsten

103
Q

During IGRT, the images are compared __________ treatment to see if changes need to be made.

A

prior to

104
Q

The drive stand contains all of the following except:

A

Electron gun

105
Q

A ___________________ is a type of accelerator that accelerates electrons in the vacuum around a circular path.

A

betatron

106
Q

The modulator cabinet consists of all of the following, except:

A

water cooling system

107
Q

_______________ allow(s) many components in the gantry and drive stand to operate at a constant temperature.

A

water cooling system

108
Q

Treatment couches in the treatment room are typically made of:

A

carbon fiber

109
Q

Electron gun function:

A

produces electrons and injects them into the accelerator structure

110
Q

Cathode is a:

A

spherically shaped structure made of a material with a high atomic number

111
Q

Accelerator structure (guide):

A

accelerates electrons through multiple coupled cavities in a linear fashion

112
Q

Treatment head:

A

comprised of several components designed to shape & monitor the treatment beam

113
Q

Bending magnet:

A

magnet system that focuses and directs the electron beam from the accelerating structure toward the treatment head

114
Q

X-ray target:

A

placed in electron beam to create an x-ray beam

115
Q

Primary collimator:

A

shapes the beam; sets maximum field size of the beam at isocenter

116
Q

Beam-flattening filter

A

flattens the x-ray beam exiting the target

117
Q

Scattering foil:

A

catter electrons to create a uniform beam of electrons for treatment

118
Q

Ion chamber measures (3):

A
  1. Dose
  2. Beam Flatness
  3. Symmetry
119
Q

Secondary collimators:

A

jaws of the machine, sets the field of the beam, often asymmetric

120
Q

An orthovoltage unit would produce an energy of:

A

250 kV (150-500)

121
Q

Which of the following treatment units produces x-rays ranging from 40 -150 kV?

A

superficial x-ray unit

122
Q

A cyclotron accelerates charged particles outwards from the center of a flat cylindrical vacuum chamber in a _________ pattern.

A

spiral

123
Q

Which of the following kV x-ray machines would be used to treat a skin cancer less than 1.5 cm thick?

A

orthovoltage

124
Q

Obliques include all of the following except:

A

PA

125
Q

A rectum patient setup might be as follows:

A

prone belly board, arms above head, wedge under ankles

126
Q

The iliac crest are located at _______.

A

L4

127
Q

A 4-fld box includes:

A

AP, PA, and laterals

128
Q

Select all of the following that are true of a conventional simulator. (2)

A
  1. 2D
  2. Fluoro capability
129
Q

The thyroid and cricoid cartilage are at the level of ________.

A

C5-C6

130
Q

The kidneys typically fall between ________.

A

T11-L3

131
Q

When using the conventional simulator, the isocenter is placed _____________.

A

at the time of sim typically under fluoro

132
Q

Carina is at the vertebral level ___________.

A

T4-T5

133
Q

A Klystron amplifies __________ (supplied by radiofrequency driver) in machines >10 MV light waves

A

microwaves

134
Q

What year was the first linear accelerator used clinically?

A

1952

135
Q

What is the type of planning utilized when beam parameters and modifiers are added the treatment plan first and then the dose distribution is reviewed (often referred to as Trial-and-error Method)?

A

forward planning

136
Q

A Tomotherapy unit would best be classified as:

A

helical delivery treatment machnie

137
Q

A standard lung setup would be as follows:

A

ingboard, Clr B, Upper Vaclok, Arms Up, Wedge Knees

138
Q

The umbilicus falls at __________.

A

L3-L4

139
Q

AP refers to:

A

Anterior posterior

140
Q

The advantages of 2D therapy are: (2)

A

-treatment planning is quick
-can easily start same day

141
Q

The disadvantages of 2D therapy are: (3)

A

-large treatment fields
-blocking is more time consuming
-more side effects

142
Q

T or F: Tangents are typically used to treat breast cancer

A

True

143
Q

When respiratory motion is added to the treatment planning it is considered:

A

4D

144
Q

Sternal Angle of Louis is at the level of _____.

A

T4-T5

145
Q

The tip of the xiphoid process is at the ________ vertebral level.

A

T10

146
Q

A typical head and neck setup is as follows:

A

S-board, Long Mask, Clr C, Arms at sides, Wedge Knees

147
Q

T or F: Different immobilization devices are used for patient positioning when utilizing the conventional simulation.

A

False

148
Q

The hyoid bone is at the level of __________.

A

C4

149
Q

Magnetron is a source of microwave power in machines _____Power Level_____.

A

< or = 10 MV

150
Q

A typical pelvis setup is as follows:

A

regular pillow, arms on chest, lower vaclok

151
Q

The angle of the mandible is at the level of ______.

A

C3

152
Q

The spinal cord ends in ____.

A

L1

153
Q

Arc (or Rotational Therapy)

A

radiation is delivered while the gantry is rotating in an arc from one set point to another

154
Q

Stereotactic Radiosurgery

A

high-dose radiation therapy in a single dose, usually cranial tumors

155
Q

Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy:

A

high-dose radiation therapy in fractionated doses, usually outside the cranium tumors

156
Q

Field in Field

A

technique employs small fields, often only a “few centimeters in diameter” with small numbers of monitor units, frequently as few as five; alternative to the use of wedged fields

157
Q

Simultaneous Integrated Boost (SIB)

A

a differential dose per fraction is delivered to selected sub-regions during the same treatment session, leading to different total nominal doses given to target volumes in the same number of fractions

158
Q

Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT)

A

advanced version of 3-D planning creating a nonuniform radiation beam allowing a better dose to the tumor while sparing more organs at risk (OAR)/normal tissue

159
Q

Step and Shoot (Static IMRT)

A

the beam is delivered with MLC’s in a stationary position, turned off as the MLC’s move to the next segment, and then turned back on

160
Q

Sliding Window (Dynamic IMRT)

A

the beam remains on as the MLC’s & gantry move throughout the treatment

161
Q

Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT)

A

the beam is continuously delivered while the gantry & MLC’s are both in motion

162
Q

The dome (top) of the diaphragm is considered to be at _______.

A

T9

163
Q

The treatment blocks are drawn on ____________.

A

Films

RTT Science (6 decks)

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